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Web Developer interview questions and how to answer them

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Web Developer interview questions and how to answer them

Landing a web development job is an impressive accomplishment. It’s the payoff for the work you put into learning how to build websites and web applications. But first, you have to make it through a Web Developer interview.

During your interview, you’ll want to impress your interviewer with concise, accurate answers. This can be a scary process, and it can be hard not letting your nerves get the best of you — especially if it’s your first interview.

Fortunately, a little preparation goes a long way. If you know what type of questions you’ll face during your interview, you’ll be able to practice them ahead of time and be in a much calmer state of mind when the day comes.

To help you prepare, we’ve created this list of common Web Developer interview questions. The questions below are designed to assess your behavioral and technical skills, and practicing them before your upcoming interviews will help you feel confident and ready to impress the hiring manager.

Behavioral Web Developer interview questions

Part of the interview process will include behavioral questions which help the interviewer discover what type of person you are and whether you’re a good fit for the company’s culture. These types of questions are common in many interviews, not just those for Web Developers.

Tell me about a project you’re proud of

This question gives you the perfect opportunity to show the interviewer your ambitions, how you view success, and how you think when working on a project. Show your interest in the technology you worked with, and if anyone helped you complete it, mention their efforts as well. Doing so will show how well you work with a team.

Tell me about a project that disappointed you and what you would change about it

Web Developers are expected to learn from their mistakes. You may have taken on more than you could handle in a project, but letting the interviewer know what you would change shows them you learn as you go and don’t continue making the same mistakes.

Web development changes. Many of the front-end frameworks we have now were just getting their start a decade ago. The interviewer who asks this question wants to know that you continue to learn and keep up with the latest technologies. Here, you could mention development blogs you subscribe to, programming Twitter accounts you follow, or the latest book you read on new technology.

Technical Web Developer interview questions

Along with behavioral questions, you’ll also be asked about your proficiency with and understanding of technical skills and concepts during your Web Developer interview. After all, the interviewer needs to know if you can do the job. These questions will test your knowledge of HTML, CSS, JavaScript, and other specific technologies the company may use.

Here are some general web development questions you may be asked and a typical answer for each:

How many ways can CSS be used?

There are three ways of using CSS.

  • Inline CSS: CSS can be included in an HTML style attribute to affect only that element.
  • External CSS: A link to an external CSS file is included in the document.
  • Embedded CSS: CSS can be embedded in an HTML file using

Announcing new fee structure to support growth of online degrees

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Announcing new fee structure to support growth of online degrees

New structure supports universities pursuing greater scale and impact with online degrees

By Coursera

Today, we’re announcing a new fee structure to support universities planning to scale online degree offerings. The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign and the University of Colorado Boulder are among the first to embrace the new structure.  

We’ve served universities with one of the lowest service fees for online degree programs. With the new tiered structure, the service fee will progressively reduce from 40% to 25% of total tuition as universities grow their programs on Coursera. Universities will continue to benefit from Coursera’s global audience of 87 million learners, support for reusable content and stackable credentials, scaled teaching and grading, and hands-on learning with Coursera Labs.    

“The pandemic has fundamentally changed how universities are thinking about online degrees. Students want the flexibility to learn online, and universities are scaling online degree programs to meet that demand,” said Jeff Maggioncalda, Coursera CEO. “Our new fee structure better supports universities that want to offer more degrees online.” 

We’ve already seen an increased demand for affordable, online degrees on Coursera. The number of degrees universities offer on Coursera has grown by 55% and now reach 81% more students than they did a year ago, as of June 30, 2021.

“Many of our university partners have asked us how they can rapidly expand their online degree programs and serve more students around the world,” said Betty Vandenbosch, Chief Content Officer at Coursera. “We are pleased to offer a structure that responds to our partners’ needs as they grow their programs and impact with Coursera.” 

The University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, which offers four degrees on the platform that have reached 12,000 students across 90 countries, welcomes the move. 

“This move to a tiered structure will provide us with additional flexibility and enable us to better serve our students. This is especially important now because, as more universities unveil online offerings, their needs and goals are more unique than ever. We and Coursera are both innovative in how we scale education while maintaining high quality, and Coursera has been an excellent partner in our effort to serve a larger population of learners who seek a quality, affordable business education,” said Jeffrey Brown, dean of Gies College of Business at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

The University of Colorado Boulder currently offers two performance-based degrees on the Coursera platform.

“We at CU Boulder are excited about Coursera’s new structure, which we believe will help us reach more students by making flexible degree and certificate programs even more affordable. This latest move from Coursera will enable CU Boulder to deliver the high-quality online programs we’re known for to students who are eager to learn online through self-paced degree programs. We hope this news will encourage CU Boulder’s schools and colleges to continue to invest in these high-quality, flexible programs for many years to come,” said Robert H. McDonald, senior vice provost for Online and Extended Education and dean of the University Libraries at the University of Colorado Boulder. 

The new structure will first roll out in North America and Europe, followed by a similar model for emerging markets. 

To learn more about how universities can partner with Coursera to create degrees, visit www.coursera.org/share/become-a-partner, or see the full catalog of degrees on Coursera at  www.coursera.org/degrees

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Starting University in September? Get a head start with Alison!

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Starting University in September? Get a head start with Alison!

For a new generation of young people, the university experience is just around the corner. Every September, millions of students land in campuses around the world to begin their journey of third level education. The step from secondary school to university can seem a daunting one to some, and the shift from teacher-led learning to self-motivated learning can be a tricky transition for many.

At Alison, we believe that education is the world’s greatest forces for good and so we want to help facilitate this momentous step and make it as seamless as possible for new students. Regardless of your new area of study, we’ve got free courses that will help you get a sense of third level learning before you arrive on campus next month. 

 

1. Arts and Humanities

From literature to art, from history to philosophy, people have been puzzling over the fascinating subjects of the humanities for millenia. By studying these fields you’re taking part in a rich tradition full of fascinating scholarship going back through the ages. We’ve got a great range of free courses that will help contextualise these vast fields of study so that you can successfully contribute to these engrossing subjects.

 

2. Languages

Studying a language at university is an incredibly rewarding experience because, perhaps more than with any other area, you get to feel your knowledge grow. Over the courses of your degree, you’ll go from not having a word to being fluent, as long as you put in the work! Having a basic understanding of the linguistic framework of your chosen language of study will really stand to you once you start your degree in September. We’ve got helpful beginners courses to provide you with just that across a broad range of languages.

 

3. Health Sciences

In the last 18 months, we’ve realised just how important health professionals are to the stable running of society and to the general health of the population. These jobs are truly vocational and, while they can be extremely trying, they are are also among the most rewarding jobs in the world. Our Health Science courses offer you tastes of this incredibly diverse field of study, from caring for the elderly to studies in mental health.

 

4. Business

Budding entrepreneurs will find that university offers as many opportunities to hone their business skills outside the classroom as it does inside it! We’ve got a great selection of courses that will help you familiarise yourself with the terminology required to study business successfully. Whether you’re studying marketing, sales or management, you’ll hit the ground running by giving yourself a headstart with our detailed and expert-led business courses.

 

5. STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering & Mathematics)

Many of our graduates who find work thanks to Alison’s free online courses, do so in the field of STEM. Our diverse range of quality courses on subjects varying from trigonometry to sound engineering provide students with in depth understandings of what can sometimes be difficult topics. Often STEM degrees offer a lot of choice in the first couple of years so by taking some taster courses online, you’ll be in a great position to make informed decisions about what route you’d like to go down later in your third level career.

Should I learn CSS?

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Should I learn CSS?

If you’re thinking about getting into web development, you’ve probably read about CSS while doing your background research. Not only is it a basic requirement if you want to become a Web Developer, but you’ll use it daily on every webpage you work on in this field.

CSS is also useful for people who may never build a web application. Whether you’re pursuing a career in web development or not, read on to learn more about what CSS is, what it’s used for, and why it could be beneficial for you to learn it. We’ll also show you how to get started learning CSS. It’s a simple language to learn, whether or not you have knowledge of programming languages.

What is CSS?

CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets. It’s a style sheet or presentational language that’s used to layout, format, and style documents that are written in HTML. Without CSS style sheets, every webpage you visit would look the same and use the default styles that your web browser sets. So, CSS is used to give webpages a unique look.

Similar to HTML, CSS is not a standard “programming language.” You don’t need to know about loops, variables, and other concepts you might pick up in a computer science course. Instead, CSS targets specific elements in an HTML file based on their attributes and applies a custom style. It can change the color and size of a heading, add animated effects, apply background images, make pages look great in both desktop and mobile browsers, and more.

Why learn CSS?

CSS is considered to be one of the easiest languages to learn. Its basic rules and syntax are simple, and you could start styling web pages after a single day of learning (if you’re already familiar with HTML). It may take longer to learn its more advanced features, but once you do, the same rules apply.

While CSS is a relatively simple language, its capabilities have evolved over the years. Here are some of the most popular ways CSS is used.

To build beautiful websites

While it’s true you can build a complete website with only HTML, why would you want to? Without CSS, your website will look like any other site with black text, a white background, and blue links that turn purple after you click them. With CSS, you can build a website that fits your brand, is designed to portray a certain look and feel, and brings visitors back.

To customize content management systems

WordPress, Drupal, and other content management systems make it easy for a non-technical person to publish articles and blog posts quickly. But eventually, you may want to customize the way the whole site or a single post looks. Knowing CSS will give you the ability to do just that without hiring a Web Developer.

To add animation to webpages

Who says you have to know a programming language to add dynamic effects to a webpage? Modern CSS has a lot of animation features that don’t require you to know JavaScript, and some of the effects you’ll find in CSS are even more advanced than those in JavaScript.

To make websites mobile-friendly

In the past, all you had to worry about was if your site looked good in a desktop web browser. But that’s not the case anymore. Most people visit websites on their mobile devices, so sites need to look good on both desktops and mobile devices. With CSS, you can build webpages that do double duty.

Who should learn CSS?

CSS is a valuable language to know for anyone involved in the web development process. Here’s a closer look at specific roles where it’s beneficial to know CSS.

Web Developers

Along with HTML and JavaScript, CSS is one of the three technologies used to build web pages. You must know all three to create the front end of a website. Employers like to know that you can do the entire job rather than relying on a CSS expert to add all the styles to a site.

Web Designers

Web Designers are Graphic Designers that specialize in the design of web pages. The style of the web has a different language than print media. That language is CSS. A Web Designer that knows CSS can speak the language of Web Developers and make the whole development process easier by creating designs that follow web standards.

Content Managers

Content is one of the best ways to draw visitors to a site. While Content Managers may never need to know a programming language because content management systems like WordPress make it easy for them to publish content with the click of a button, there may be times they want to style parts of an article differently. This is where CSS comes in. Knowing CSS means you won’t have to wait on a Web Developer to publish.

Project Managers

When a Project Manager knows CSS, they can communicate more effectively with the web development team. The more a Project Manager knows the technologies of the web, the better they’ll know what’s actually possible in a web design and how long it’ll take to complete it.

How to learn CSS

Since there are many aspects of CSS that make it an easy language to learn, you can learn CSS by yourself, on your own schedule, anywhere you have an Internet connection. And it doesn’t have to be boring, especially since you can start making changes to webpages relatively quickly, or take time away from your busy schedule.

Check out our Learn CSS course to get started. It’ll show you how to add color, background images, animation, and more to HTML pages. You can take the course at your own pace, and when you’re done, you’ll be able to customize any webpage.

How much do Data Engineers make?

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How much do Data Engineers make?

As businesses create more data and increasingly rely on it to improve processes, the data engineering field is rising to the occasion. Every digital process — from advertising to recruiting talent to the sales funnel — creates more valuable data. Businesses need Data Engineers to help analyze it.

On average, Data Engineers make about $126,635 per year in the U.S., not including an average bonus of $5,000 per year or common benefits like commuter assistance, stock options, and unlimited time off. Still, their salary expectations vary depending on their location and employer. Below, we’ll explore how various factors can influence a Data Engineer’s salary.

How much do Data Engineers make on the East Coast?

The East Coast offers some of the highest salaries in the United States for Data Engineers. With the bustling business centers dotting the right side of the country, these higher figures come as no surprise.

For example, the average salary for a Data Engineer in New York City is $145,132 per year, and in Boston, you’re still above the national average at $129,952.

As you head south, the salaries dip a bit yet still stay north of six figures. In the D.C. area, for instance, Data Engineers make an average of $118,918 a year.

Here are some other East coast Data Engineer salaries:

  • South Carolina: $142,993
  • Miami Beach: $106,893
  • North Carolina: $103,604

How much do Data Engineers make on the West Coast?

Data Engineers also bring in above-average salaries in many West Coast locations, and, in some cases, the figures come in higher than those for their East Coast counterparts. For example, Data Engineers in Los Angeles earn $147,907 a year, on average, and the number jumps up to $163,684 a year in San Francisco.

Farther north, in Washington, Data Engineers earn an average of $134,809, despite having fewer computer giants like Google and Facebook in the area.

Some other salaries for Data Engineers on the West Coast include:

  • Oregon: $125,641
  • Alaska: $117,793
  • Long Beach: $114,779

How much do Data Engineers make in the middle states?

Data Engineer salaries remain competitive even in the middle states of the U.S., despite their lower living expenses. For instance, Data Engineers earn $101,886 per year in Kansas, and in Oklahoma City, the salary approaches the national average at $121,562.

The numbers remain high in Chicago, where Data Engineers make an average of $119,828 each year. Data Engineers in the middle states also get bonuses amounting to an average of $5,000, making their actual pay significantly higher.

To enjoy the salary and challenges facing Data Engineers, you can use any of our data science Skill Paths, such as:

How much do salaries differ depending on the company a Data Engineer works for?

Along with your location, another of the biggest factors impacting your pay as a Data Engineer is the company you work for. The range of responsibilities — and the value you bring to the organization — will vary from one company to another, but a look at some of the Data Engineer salaries from major organizations sheds some light on what you can expect.

eBay: $178,954

eBay, the king of online auctions, pays Data Engineers far more than most other companies at $178.954. An online auction’s data collection and analysis play a crucial role in developing and managing its business model. Everything from customer buying habits to time spent on the site after adding items to shopping carts can be tracked and used to produce actionable data.

Finding the insights necessary to make companies like eBay succeed requires a solid understanding of data analytics. With our Data Analyst Career Path, you can learn SQL and Python, enabling you to build the solutions needed to make data-based decisions.

Facebook: $177,988

Facebook’s data engineering is central to its operation as a leading social media and advertising organization. As a result, they pay their Data Engineers $177,988 a year. At Facebook, data regarding the likes and dislikes of members and that of their friends can be collected and used to help position ads in the right locations.

Facebook also manages other apps, such as WhatsApp, where data collection can improve processes such as measuring call and videoconferencing quality. Data points related to these and other metrics can be correlated according to the area, time of day, or even using year-over-year statistical comparison.

When it comes time to interview at a powerhouse like Facebook, you’ll want to get ready beforehand. That’s where our Data Analyst Interview Preparation Skill Path can help you gain an edge over the competition.

U.S. Cellular: $218,279

U.S. Cellular’s high pay rate of $218,279 per year may be due, in part, to the critical role data plays for telecommunications companies. Ensuring customers get the bandwidth and reception they need can only be achieved through data engineering.

Much of the telecommunications industry is powered by data. A company like U.S. Cellular may call upon a Data Engineer to gather information on cell usage in a particular location to help determine whether an investment in a new tower would pay off.

Data Engineers also design and maintain the databases and systems that cellular networks (and internet services) run on. Employees’ sense of achievement at U.S. Cellular is higher than average, with 71% of workers saying they feel they’re meeting their goals. This could also help explain the higher salaries.

Procter and Gamble: $149,082

There’s a good chance you have at least a few Procter and Gamble products in your home, and the prevalence of their products may account for their impressive Data Engineer salary of $149,082. Data regarding the sales and distribution of P&G’s soaps, tissues, air fresheners, batteries, oral care accessories, and more surely plays a central role in research and development, marketing, and more.

The future looks promising for Data Engineers

Data engineering is on the rise. One report says that the industry is growing at a rate of more than 50% every year. If you’re interested in becoming a Data Engineer, our courses are a great place to start. You can learn everything you need to flourish in the industry while building a powerful portfolio in our Data Scientist Career Path.

Let the Rants Begin – Learning System Edition

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Let the Rants Begin – Learning System Edition

If anyone has had a concussion and then suffered through post-concussion, you will likely bounce over onto the internet and see all those “medical experts”. Apparently, it can be resolved in one month. Wait, no, three months. Hold on. Perhaps a year or more.

For me, it has lasted nearly three months, which allows one to do a lot of pondering. I would try to figure out how I ended up with the concussion, what caused me to go airborne and how the wood table pushed back a couple of feet. But, just like so many folks who get a concussion, I can’t recall.

Which only adds to the frustration. I merely note this because a few times a year, I look at the e-learning industry, with a heavy dose towards the learning system space, and then a few droplets on other e-learning solutions.

Inevitably, I see a lot of wonderful things, and then items that I always refer back to the movie Network, with the line, “I’m not going to take it anymore.”

Here now are the items you shouldn’t take anymore.

Inflated Valuations and Unicorns

The industry is awash with valuations of systems, and content providers for that matter. The term “unicorn” is a business that is valued at more than one billion and is a tech startup, privately owned. It has absolutely nothing to do with cash flow, assets, or profitability.

Many people look at Docebo and think “unicorn”. But that just isn’t accurate. They are not a startup. They have been around for over a decade, to me that doesn’t scream startup.

But the term “startup” seems to vary depending on who you talk to. A good friend of mine in the industry still considers their own company as a startup because they haven’t reached their full capabilities yet. For myself, coming from the dot.com days, working at a private tech startup, with an over-valued valuation, I see it clearly different.

And therein lies the first challenge, what is or is not a startup. Thus, if you believe Docebo was a startup prior to going public, then they were a Unicorn. If not, then no they weren’t.

MAUs

The term means “Monthly Active Users” and it is red hot in the learning system space.

Depending on how the vendor pitches it, will get you quite excited because it sounds so much like a pay-per-user aspect based on monthly use.

For me, it is a reminder of the three-card monte game, one could find on numerous street corners in NYC in the eighties.

Here is how it works:

  • Vendor says how many “active users” will be in the system in a given month?
  • Active user is defined as either a person who logs into the system for that month OR logs into the system and takes a piece of content (regardless of what it is, and regardless if it is completed or not)
  • Typically, folks will base active user on one person who logs into the system at least once in a 12 month period.
  • With MAUs though, that is the wrong way to calculate because after all, why pay for an activer user, who uses the system only once in June and you never see them again

That’s the kicker and part of the spin. It is alluring. It is enticing. It says “You are right”!

But (is there always a “But”

  • Vendors who go MAU will always ask you – the total number of active users you are a projecting for the year (as defined as they have gone into the system, at least once over a given year). There are vendors who will ask what is your user base (regardless of ‘active or not”)
  • The “total projection” is the key
  • Your proposal will include two magical words ‘up to’ – which either appears right there with the total cost or down below in the text, which uh, most folks just look at the very big number.

Let’s play a game

I have 5,255 active users and identify active based on that person accessing the system at least one time in a given year.

The vendor says, “how many per month”. I am lucky because I have some data from my current system (I’m leaving them). The data says on average, the count is really 3,200.

The vendor then may say, “well, you really only have 267 active users per month” OR just re-state the 3,200. Why pay for folks who are not using the system?

Yeah, you are right. I’m salivating. This is a great deal.

The vendor goes thru their whole approach, and I listen. I’m thinking, I totally understand.

The proposal arrives. The cost for “Up to 5,225” is $85,000 USD. Seems like a good deal, because of the active user per month shtick that I have listened to over and over again.

BUT

  • You are paying “up to” – so whether or not you ever get to that total number doesn’t matter, because are are paying for the full active projection
  • One vendor goes with the MAU based on buckets of them. They will note they are completely different than others. Yet, they will ask the same thing – a total count. And when yu get the quote it seems like they are – but if you go over the “bucket”, you pay for another bucket, and those seats in the bucket? Well, you may never reach that count”

The pricing that first came out in the industry (and is still very popular) is bundled pricing. The vendor asked how many seats you will need (they may have used a different term). You say I will need 5,255. The vendor would either quote you at 5,255 OR quote at 5,500 or 5,300 or whatever their range was (now called bands).

Then if you went over, no problem, they would sell you another bucket.

With bundled pricing, even if you never hit 5,525 users, you would still pay for that amount.

Sounds familiar?

There are a lot of vendors in the industry who go with MAUs. On one side, I have no issue with their pricing approach – it works. On the other side, I wish they would just be very clear, that if you do not hit that total number, you are still paying for it.

Then again, I wish everyone would recognize that climate change is real.

Innovation?

Lemmings. I’m sure many of you remember the Wonderful World of Disney (those in the states), and the episode of the lemmings following each other over the cliff. Granted, it wasn’t all that accurate (the details are worthy of a read – but be forwarned not for the timid), but the premise that everyone or every whatever does the exact same thing, replication to a T, is a constant in the e-learning industry.

When a vendor does something unique? Then within the year, others follow suit. Come up with a marketing price spin? Loads of vendors follow suit. Establish a new capability that seems unrepeatable? No worries, others will find a way to develop something either quite similar or near enough to wait, for it, follow suit.

When I would attend trade shows, I’d invariably hear from someone, “Where is the innovation”? It has been a valid point, year after year.

But, I have seen in the last two years, some offerings, solutions if you will, in the learning system industry that is innovative. It adds to the delight of the space, that I care so deeply about, and hope, that others will follow suit – not in replication, but in innovation.

Here are the Shining Stars of Innovation

  • Fuse – Their natural search within their system seeking content – not just be tags or keywords or roles, but including questions – “How do I become a manager?” – And content tied to that direct question appears. “How can I establish benchmarks in sales?” – Zing – the content tied to the question appears. It’s natural quite honestly, because many of use, will use their favorite search engine for all type of questions around business, leadership, sales, pizza making and even jackets for dogs during storms (okay, maybe just me). And yes, I found a great one.
  • EdCast – This doozy came out a year ago, and I still marvel at it. There are numerous vendors who have an extension that goes on your browser address bar, so that when you search on the net for some topic or something, the content that you have in the system shows up within the vendor’s tab screen – think mini window. EdCast did it a bit different. Rather than having it appear within the extension screen per se, the blocks of content tied to whatever you inquired about, appears at the top of the search results in blocks. Even above those “sponsored” ads. No matter what search engine you use, the blocks will appear – just make sure to have the extension installed. Thus, if you are using Google, then decide to switch to Bing, no matter, the blocks of content will appear, based on what you searched for.
  • D2L Wave scores an innovation point – with their system listing colleges, and universities based on the skill you are interested in acquiring – whether it be one course or an exectutive education program. D2L Wave is a standalone, but it can be tied into the D2L system if you want, and down the road, integrate into other learning systems. To pay for the courses – the learner has a few options, including a common one, of a virtaul credit card – the amount deposited by the company (uh- you, not them). Wave is a visual feast and for its debut, impressive compared to few others. They are not the first to have a virtual wallet, nor the first to have such a search for coruses at uni angle, but they I believe are on to something with exectutive education programs – which I see as the “magical unicorn of opportunity” – like the horse with a horn, and not the biz type. If you doubt – think of this – Learn in has within their search catalog – exec education programs too – and folks can pay for it via a virtual wallet (if they so desire).

But neither has fully leveraged the power of executive education programs and what they can bring to any system.

Microsoft Viva Learning

Let’s be very clear here. I have no idea on how good or not, Viva Learning will be – and neither does anyone else for that matter because it is not live. It was scheduled to be launched this summer, and well, it is August, so maybe they will meet that date.

Viva Learning is already being seen by fervent supporters of Microsoft or “other experts” in the L&D, community and e-learning, and learning systems – as the greatest and most amazing solution that will change your life, and that of your learners.

An upskilling revolution – with an LXP twist.

I have serious doubt that will happen, because of a few factors:

  • It is 100% tied within MS Teams. If you – the company does not use MS Teams, then buying Viva Learning makes no sense.
  • If you are offering content to your clients, and want to tap into Viva Learning – then those clients will all have to be using MS Teams – each learner.
  • It is not free. I can see how someone will think this, because MS Teams is free when you buy Microsoft 365

It is truly an LXP – remember the 3rd party content publishers? In the last analyst preview Microsoft had for VL, I inquired if LinkedIn Learning content/courses will be free – as in the entire library. I was told no. You will get some courses, but then if you want the whole library it is an extra cost.

Okay, well in the demo they show Pluralsight, Udemy, and Coursera – any of that free? Nope, an extra cost.

Topics, which honestly I haven’t been overwhelmed, you can buy right now for MS Teams, – and I can’t see why you would – without having Viva Learning’s core system – the Viva Learning part. The analytics – available right now – worthless IMO without the Viva Learning component.

The health and wellbeing component is just frankly odd. In the preview of Viva Learning, it was just a blip in their entire presentation. No deep dive. No insight into how this will work wonders as part of the Viva Learning Ecosystem. I can see this component getting a “toss in” in say two years. I still am trying to think why Microsoft thought H&W is a great idea for a component for an LXP, err upskilling platform.

Especially when they could do far more damage with, wait for it, innovation in the learning system space.

Because, what I saw – at least what they have shown the majority of analysts, is something that does not remind me of innovation. In fact, the very first time I saw Viva Learning, another system came to my mind. EdCast with their deep integration within MS Teams, specifically.

Will folks buy Viva Learning? OMG – YES! It’s going to be a hot seller. To fully maximize it, you will also need to buy Topics and Analytics. But do not confuse hot sales and some analysts seeing this as something nobody has ever done before or tried.

Maybe VL will be amazing. For me, the jury is out. Because what I have seen doesn’t remind me of something new or unique. Not for Learning and not for MS Teams.

Bottom Line

There you go four rants to consider.

To Ponder.

To Ascertain.

Some vociferous in nature.

Others, well.

Not.

E-Learning 24/7

What is XML used for?

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What is XML used for?

If you’re a new developer, you’ve probably run into the term XML and wondered what it stands for and how it’s used. The fact is that no matter what programming language you’re learning, you may have to know XML, but it’s not a programming language itself. Let’s look at what XML is, why it’s useful, and what exactly it’s used for.

What is XML, and why is it important?

XML stands for eXtensible Markup Language. It’s a language that’s used to describe data. Data stored in XML is known as being “self-defining.” This means that the structure of the data is embedded within the data itself.

Much of the information you access on computers is not stored as the final result you see in a web browser, mobile application, or desktop application. Instead, it exists in a text-based format.

Using text to store data is here to stay, but without a standard structure for this data, it’s hard to share it between applications. Without data standards, custom code would have to be written to parse it for each application accessing this data, and each new data set would need its own custom code.

Here’s an example of valid XML:

 Bob Janice Reminder Don't forget to take out the garbage! 

The XML above is valid because a tag surrounds each piece of data describing what it is. This allows developers to store context along with their data in a standard, structured format.

Because XML has standards, it can be parsed and interpreted by all types of programming languages and applications without errors or misconfigurations. The XML example above could be used between a variety of messaging apps that know its structure.

What is XML used for?

XML is a format to store data along with its structure. This feature makes it useful for many things, including transferring data, formatting documents, creating layouts, and more. Let’s take a closer look at what XML is used for.

Data transfer

Just about every application needs some way to store and retrieve data. This usually occurs over the Internet using an API (Application Programming Interface). Back-End Engineers create APIs that run on web servers.

The same API can be used by many applications, including web apps, desktop apps, and mobile apps, to save and access data in a database. A standard format for this data makes this possible.

XML is one format programmers use to transfer data in a structure that can be parsed by all these diverse applications, and it’s commonly used for creating APIs. SOAP and XML-RPC are two types of XML APIs used in web services. Any application that connects to either of these APIs only has to know the format to use the data it contains.

Formatting documents

Web pages are HTML documents, and HTML is a form of XML. HTML is processed by a web browser, which then presents it in a visually pleasing format. The tags within an HTML document define specific types of elements, like headings, paragraphs, images, and more. The browser knows how to render these elements based on these tags.

HTML also stores contextual information about the data it contains in the form of attributes that include ID and class. CSS works with HTML to apply specific styles based on these attributes, like making a heading red or setting the font for a paragraph.

This is only one example of using XML for formatting. PDF files, PostScript files, Microsoft Word documents, PowerPoint documents, and RTF text files are also stored as XML. When you open these files in their default application, it parses this XML, formats it, and gives it the style you see on your computer screen.

Web searching

Search engines have evolved over the years. Originally, they didn’t do much more than determine if a web page contained the phrase you were looking for. Now, they use HTML (XML) tags to make searches more accurate.

An example would be searching for a book by your favorite author. Say you were searching for Mark Twain. By parsing the tag in HTML pages, a search engine can limit the search results to just those with Mark Twain in this tag instead of every page containing his name.

Creating layouts

Every layout in an Android mobile application is created in XML. These layouts determine where data should be rendered on the screen of the phone. Common Android layouts include the Linear Layout, which tells the app to align the content on the screen horizontally or vertically, the Frame Layout, which is designed to contain other layouts dynamically, and the List layout, which displays items you can scroll through.

Storing configuration data

XML also stores the data used to configure an application. In Microsoft Excel, XML holds all the information contained in a spreadsheet. Not just the data, but also the definitions of the columns, the format of the fields, any calculations they use, and more. Android apps not only use XML for layouts but also to store the colors, styles, and dimensions that the app will use.

Where to learn more about XML

XML is a relatively simple language to learn. You can learn XML by itself, but it’s much better to learn it in tandem with a programming language to process and use the data that it stores.

XML is used in front-end web development because HTML is a form of XML. XML is also is used in back-end web development because some APIs use it to transfer data in a standard format. Android applications also depend heavily on XML to create layouts and store configurations, so you should learn XML if you’re interested in mobile development.

Every programming language you can think of either has built-in ways to use XML or third-party libraries that make it possible, so when you choose a programming language from our course catalog, there’s a good chance you’ll run into some XML.

What is cloud computing?

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What is cloud computing?

When people speak of “the cloud,” they’re usually talking about cloud computing. But what exactly is cloud computing? We’ll explain in the paragraphs below.

Most businesses need servers, storage, databases, internal networks, software, analytics, and more. In the past, they used their own resources to accomplish this. They bought their own servers, created their own networks, and hosted their software and databases internally in on-site data centers.

Cloud platforms like Amazon Web Services, Google Cloud Platform, and Microsoft Azure changed this. Cloud computing offers the same type of capabilities to businesses, but there’s a difference — companies don’t have to worry about hosting this infrastructure.

What is cloud computing used for?

Cloud computing provides the services listed above to businesses over the Internet. Using a cloud platform relieves IT professionals from many of the responsibilities involved in maintaining these services, allowing them to focus on more important technical issues.

Another benefit of cloud computing lies in pricing. Businesses only pay for the cloud resources they use, which can lower costs, make their infrastructure more efficient, and allow services to scale as their needs change. Here are some things that cloud computing makes possible:

  • Speeding up application development time by using cloud resources that can be quickly scaled up or down
  • Easily analyzing data across the business from a single location in a connected cloud environment
  • Streaming audio and video without any lag, no matter how many users are accessing it
  • Delivering the latest version of software on-demand, anywhere in the world
  • Storing, backing up, and recovering data quickly, easily, and without worrying about data integrity

Benefits of cloud computing

Most modern startups begin with cloud computing instead of using their own data centers. Many traditional businesses migrate their traditional infrastructure to the cloud because of its benefits over the older model. Let’s explore some of these benefits.

Cost

Using a cloud provider eliminates the cost of buying hardware and software and creating and managing an on-site data center. This means no extra expenses from the racks of servers, the electricity they use, and the IT staff dedicated to managing them.

Speed

If you need more resources in an on-site data center, you have to buy the hardware, install it, and provision it. With a cloud-based infrastructure, you can provide this type of infrastructure in minutes, usually with just a few clicks of a mouse.

Scalability

Cloud services can scale elastically. This means that they can provide the right amount of resources when needed, and businesses never have to pay for more than they need. With a traditional on-site data center, a company typically has either more or fewer resources than they need.

Productivity

Because a business’s IT professionals no longer need to set up the hardware for servers, patch software, or perform other time-consuming tasks, they can spend more time achieving business-advancing goals.

Performance

Cloud providers have a worldwide network of servers and resources that are updated regularly to the latest hardware and technologies. This means that services running on the cloud have less network latency and a greater economy of scale.

Reliability

Cloud computing makes data backup simple, quick, and less expensive. A business’s data and services can be mirrored across different sites within a cloud provider’s network, so data is never lost and can be recovered in a matter of seconds or minutes.

Types of cloud computing

There are four main categories of cloud computing. Each category in this list builds on the one before it, taking more of the grunt work off of IT staff and outsourcing it to a third-party cloud provider.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

IaaS is the simplest form of cloud computing. Using IaaS, businesses rent virtual machines, servers, storage, networking, and operating systems from a cloud provider and pay only for the services they use when they use them.

Platform as a Service (PaaS)

PaaS takes cloud computing one step further. In this model, cloud providers supply an environment where programmers can develop, test, deliver, and manage software they create without setting up or managing the underlying infrastructure.

Serverless computing

Serverless computing takes the server model out of the equation. Instead of managing servers that have to run constantly, developers create simple functions using one of many popular programming languages that execute and return data as needed.

Software as a Service (SaaS)

SaaS delivers software applications over the Internet, so businesses don’t have to worry about building their own software or installing it on every device. An example of SaaS is Microsoft Office 365, which delivers Microsoft’s complete Office suite through the Internet.

Conclusion

Cloud computing has changed the way businesses use technology. Instead of buying their own physical hardware for servers and databases, they rely on third parties to provide these services over the Internet.

Instead of building their own platform for developing, testing, delivering, and managing software applications, they use a cloud provider to make it easier. And instead of managing software installations on all of their employee’s devices, they use software that runs on the Internet.

If you’re interested in developing software for the cloud, the truth is that not much has changed. The same technologies that ran in a data center still run in a cloud environment.

If you’re interested in front-end web development, then our Front-End Engineer Career Path will teach you everything you need to know to get started. For those aspiring to be Back-End Developers, our Back-End Engineer Career Path will do the same for you. And if you’re interested in both, then check out our Full-Stack Developer Career Path.

How to change careers

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How to change careers

Career changing may be more common than you think. About 86% of people say they’re dissatisfied with their jobs and are looking for something different. But, making the change — from figuring out what kinds of jobs to look for, to getting ready for a new job — can be a daunting task. Read on to see how you can do it, step by step.

Analyze your personal story

Your personal story includes what you’ve been through, the decisions you’ve made along the way, and the skills you’ve developed as you’ve progressed through life. When considering a career change, it’s important to take an honest look in the mirror and assess:

  • What do you like about your current job?
  • What are things you once enjoyed but no longer find enjoyable?
  • What do you absolutely want to avoid in your next career?
  • What skills have you developed that you can use in your next career?
  • What have been your biggest successes, and what decisions or habits made them happen?

Taking a close look at these elements of your personal story can help you evaluate why you want to make a career change, as well as the direction in which you should go next.

Decide if you need to change to a different industry

Pursuing a new career doesn’t necessarily mean switching industries. In many cases, you can pursue a new role within the same industry you’ve come to understand so well.

For example, a teacher might transition from the classroom into a tech job, supporting the school’s digital infrastructure. They could even use their knowledge of what educators and administrators need to design security solutions as a Cybersecurity Architect. Taking a course like our Introduction to Cybersecurity could be a first step to building a solid foundation for a career protecting networks and their users.

In other situations, moving into a completely new industry might be the best choice. You might feel tired of elements that are inherent to your industry, such as sitting at your desk all day or excessive traveling.

You may also be in an industry that’s on the decline, and it’s best to jump ship before your career — and skill set — becomes obsolete. For instance, if you’re in the industry of CDs, DVDs, and other recordable media, you may be hunting for a different career. While the industry is far from obsolete, digital storage options have long been supplanting other kinds of recordable media.

Identify your strengths

Your strengths may serve as the scaffolding to construct your next career. When assessing your skills, you may discover that you excel where others don’t — and this includes both hard and soft skills. When switching careers, it’s often the soft skills that help you move toward your next venture. Some of your soft skills may include:

  • Active listening
  • Leading others
  • Following instructions, even when they’re complicated or detailed
  • Understanding high-level concepts and translating them into actions
  • Clearly communicating your ideas
  • Presenting in front of strangers or colleagues
  • Being dependable, consistent, or punctual when it comes to fulfilling responsibilities
  • Problem-solving, perhaps even when under pressure
  • Supporting colleagues and team members

Identify hard skills you may want to carry with you

You may have hard skills that a lot of employers need regardless of industry. As you choose your next career, you may want to check out some jobs that call for the hard skills you already have. These may include expertise in:

  • Spreadsheets
  • Word processing programs
  • Presentation software
  • Mathematics
  • Marketing software
  • Project management software
  • HTML
  • Other IT-related skills

Many people have hard skills that they’d like to strengthen as they change careers. For example, if you have some knowledge of HTML, but want to sharpen your skills even more as you switch careers, you can check out our Learn HTML course to level up your current skill set.

Arrange informational interviews

An informational interview is one where your only objective is to gain a grasp of what’s involved in a job you haven’t tried yet. When switching careers, getting the real scoop from a seasoned professional can shed light on many things that you won’t see in the job description, such as:

  • How long it takes to advance to a higher position
  • How the flow of work varies during certain times of the year
  • Which soft skills are the most useful
  • How big of a role professional development and continuing education play
  • The measurements typically used to decide bonus compensation
  • Common mistakes made by newbies
  • Aspects of the job that make it surprisingly fun or personally rewarding

While prepping for the informational interview, you’ll want to make a list of your questions ahead of time and leave a little room for others that may pop into your head during the conversation. You should also stick closely to a schedule. If you say you’re going to take half an hour, be sure you don’t go over.

Here are some options for choosing who to interview:

  • An executive that oversees the general department you’re thinking of working in, such as a CIO.
  • Someone who has been with the company for a set amount of time, such as five years. This can help you see where you could be after that much time has passed.
  • A manager who is one step higher than the kind of position you’re aiming for. This could be an IT admin or a team lead, for instance.
  • Someone who is about to retire and can share decades of experience.

Switching careers can be an exciting adventure. The best way to prepare yourself for a transition is to gain a solid foundation of the skills and knowledge that are recommended for your desired industry. If you’re considering switching to the tech industry, use our programming courses to gain the background knowledge and skills you’ll need to excel in your future career.

The best freelance jobs in tech

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The best freelance jobs in tech

With more tech jobs than people to fill them, there’s never been a better time to work in tech. Not only are the big tech companies like Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and others hiring, mom-and-pop businesses also need developers to update and maintain their websites.

A 9-to-5 corporate job might not be for everybody. But, working in tech can still be an option because there are many freelance opportunities waiting to be filled. Plus, being a tech freelancer can provide an excellent work-life balance, allowing you to be your own boss, set your own hours, and pick and choose your projects. In this article, we’ll look at some of the opportunities available for freelancers in tech.

Web development

Working as a freelance Web Developer allows you to be picky about what you work on and still not run out of work. That’s because most businesses have some kind of website, so many of them will be seeking the expertise of a Web Developer.

In fact, there’s always been a shortage of Web Developers, and it’s one of the best freelance jobs available in tech. To kick off your career, check out our web development courses and tutorials. We’ll teach you everything you need to know to start building your own websites.

Still, the specific skills you’ll need to become a freelance Web Developer will depend on your specialization. Let’s take a look at some of the most common types of Web Developers.

Front-end web development

Front-End Engineers develop the part of a website or web application that runs in the browser. They create HTML pages, style them with CSS, add JavaScript to give users a dynamic experience, and use front-end frameworks like React and AngularJS to build everything you see on a web page.

Front-End Engineers are in demand now because more and more businesses are seeking to build modern, user-friendly websites. Freelancer sites like Upwork and Elance are full of front-end projects just waiting for the right engineer to put their bid in.

Our Front-End Engineer Career Path teaches you what you need to know to land one of these projects, even if you’re a tech newbie. You’ll learn web design fundamentals and the skills needed to build modern interactive web apps. By completing three assigned projects that you can add to your portfolio, you’ll prove to your future clients that you’re the freelancer they’re looking for.

Back-end web development

Web applications have two parts: the part that runs in the browser and the part that runs on the server. Back-End Engineers handle the server-side code that’s a crucial part of any web development project. As with Front-End Developers, there’s also a high demand for Back-End Web Developers.

The front end of a web app needs data to function. Back-End Engineers use tools like SQL, Node.js, Python, PHP, and C# to store and retrieve this data from databases, build APIs to serve this data to the front end, and more.

Our Back-End Engineer Career Path will prepare you to become an in-demand freelancer by teaching you Node.js, Express.js, and SQL. These are some of the top skills companies look for in Back-End Developers. For your portfolio, you’ll complete three projects during the course that will make your freelance profile stand out.

Full-stack web development

Full-Stack Web Engineers are really in demand. Why? Because they can do both front-end and back-end web development. This means companies can hire one freelancer instead of two to complete a web development project. If becoming a freelance Web Developer is your goal, then this is the perfect route, as you’ll have your pick of projects.

Our Full-Stack Engineer Career Path will get you there. Completing this course will make you the jack of all trades that businesses often look for in freelancers. And when you complete the course, you’ll have several projects to add to your portfolio to show you’re an expert at both front-end and back-end web technologies.

Data science

Machine learning and artificial intelligence have become the future in the last decade. Many companies today are using machine learning to give customers a better experience, provide direction for the future of their business, predict the direction of the stock market, interact with customers through chatbots, and more. In other words, more and more companies are turning to Data Scientists.

This rapid increase in the demand for Data Scientists quickly created a shortage of skilled individuals who could do the job. As a result, some Data Scientists work two or three data science jobs at once, and the companies they work for don’t mind. They just need someone who can do the work.

Many companies rely on freelance Data Scientists to fill the skill gap in their IT department because they just can’t find any full-time employees with the necessary skills. That means becoming a freelance Data Scientist is another great opportunity in tech.

Our Data Scientist Career Path will turn you into the data-driven decision-maker that these businesses are looking for. As you work through the course, you’ll create projects that’ll help illustrate your skills with the tools and technologies required for data science.

Data analytics

Companies of every size in every industry are looking for freelance Data Analysts. Modern companies generate tons of data every year. Data Analysts provide actionable insights from this data to help the business make marketing, pricing, sales, and product decisions. A good Data Analyst can help businesses use data to become highly profitable enterprises.

By becoming a freelance Data Analyst, you’ll be a key player in the success of each business client you take on. But first, you need the skills.

Fortunately, you came to the right place to start your journey. Our Data Analyst Career Path will teach you everything you need to know to start collecting and analyzing data. Along the way, you’ll build projects that’ll make your portfolio stand out from the rest and help you land your first client.

Getting started

To get started on your freelancing career path, you’ll first need some technical training. We have many programming courses to choose from to give you the knowledge and skills you’ll need to get started in the exciting and lucrative tech industry.

To make it as a freelancer, you’ll also need a portfolio to show prospective clients you can do the job, and we’ve got you covered. Each of our Career Paths also includes multiple portfolio-ready projects that will show off your skills and prove to clients that you’re the freelancer they are looking for. Today is the perfect day to get started on your journey to becoming an in-demand freelancer in tech.