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Interleaving Is Less Effective When Taking Notes

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Interleaving Is Less Effective When Taking Notes

References:

(1) Taylor, K., & Rohrer, D. (2010). The effects of interleaved practice. Applied Cognitive Psychology, 24(6), 837-848.

(2) Wahlheim, C. N., Dunlosky, J., & Jacoby, L. L. (2011). Spacing enhances the learning of natural concepts: An investigation of mechanisms, metacognition, and aging. Memory & Cognition, 39(5), 750-763.

(3) Kornell, N., & Bjork, R. A. (2008). Learning concepts and categories: Is spacing the “enemy of induction”?. Psychological Science, 19(6), 585-592.

(4) Little, J. L., Fealy, J. C., Kobayashi, K., & Roth, S. (2025). How note-taking and note-using affects the benefit of interleaving over blocking. Memory & Cognition, 1-17.

Word of the Day: arachnid

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This word has appeared in 13 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?

Word of the Day: mangrove

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This word has appeared in 23 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?

On Phones and Childhood: The Week 10 Winners of Our Summer Reading Contest

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As our contest comes to a close, we honor both a video and an essay, and hear reflections on this year’s submissions from our judges.

Word of the Day: furtive

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This word has appeared in 34 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?

Word of the Day: kindling

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This word has appeared in 36 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?

The Importance of Mentoring in Workforce Development

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The Importance of Mentoring in Workforce Development
  • Pick a Mentor or mentors – Some vendors refer to them as experts. I question that assertion.
  • Mentor selection can be based on a variety of criteria, including skill level, level of experience, job role, areas to improve, and location (more on that in a bit). I found it odd that a few lacked a preferred language, which, to me, is highly relevant. I know it is hard to believe, but not everyone wants to speak English.
  • Mentor Profile – I should have listed this above the mentor selection. An avatar – i.e., a picture of the person is standard. I never saw like an animal for the “avatar” or some funny face thing – although that might be cool depending on your audience. Anyway, universally, it was the human themselves. In theory, it could be AI.
  • A series of topics or interests that the mentee chooses ahead of time, before the match or matches. Most often, it was skill(s), but a few had additional options. I prefer a balance between professional and personal skills, rather than focusing solely on workplace skills. A mentor is well-rounded. A coach is only tied to that skill. Always remember that.
  • Mentoree Scheduling – This is where the mentoree can schedule a session or sessions through a calendar of said mentor(s). The “on-site and online” were the two options. The former seemed odd to me in today’s workforce landscape; however, if you wanted to meet up with your mentor at Bob’s Greasy Food Joint since they live close by, then go for it. Just make sure they pick up the tab.
  • Goal setting – Pretty standard – but the level and quality of what you can do, etc, varied all over the map.
  • Role-Based Permissions (if your mentoring platform or mentoring piece in another type of learning system lacks this – run..run and keep running)
  • Video Conferencing integration – Extremely standard. I should give kudos to Chronus, which offers its own VC option too. I’m not sure if they charge extra for it, so it’s best to ask. I think they do, but it’s worth checking.
  • Custom Program Creation – Parameters of what should be included in the program. The level and types of parameters vary as a whole, but duration is common. Milestones aren’t, but they should be, and objectives were a mix.
  • AI – Overall, it existed in more platforms than it lacked. Nevertheless, some vendors lack it; some are offering machine learning only (a form of AI), and a couple are doing a combo Gen AI and machine learning. As with any learning system, the AI is at a very, very early stage.
  • AI Tutor or similar. This is where the whole “coach” side of this can co-exist or exist alone. You can tap into an AI tutor (think AI answer engine with “tutor” and some data points you can see – depending on the platform), and then have a human enter the picture after that. I strongly recommend a human element here. I mean, it’s mentoring. Not asking whether or not you can wear sunglasses at night – Cory Hart says you can. I trust him!
  • Mentor+ by NovoEd (they scored the highest) – Brand new to the industry. Can be a standalone, or you can add it to Learn+ (their LMS)
  • Chronus is a terrific mentoring platform – far better than Qooper or MentorCliq (how are these folks the top leaders in the mentoring side?)
  • Together by Absorb – Together was a standalone entity before Absorb acquired them. You get the Together platform when you buy the Absorb Learning Suite – it is already fully integrated. If you prefer only Together, you can purchase it.

Writing Tips for a Job-Winning CV

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Writing Tips for a Job-Winning CV

A CV is more than a list of jobs and qualifications. It’s the first impression you make when applying for a new job. In just a few seconds, your CV can decide whether you move forward or not. For young professionals, especially those in their early career stages, writing a CV can be daunting. Today, around 95% of employers use an Applicant Tracking System (ATS) to manage candidate applications, and out of 1,000 resumes submitted to a company through an ATS, 43% were sent in an incompatible file type. This immediately ruled them out of the running for the position. There’s conflicting advice online, outdated templates, and pressure to make it stand out without going over the top.

The good news is that CV writing doesn’t have to feel overwhelming. If you know what employers are looking for, understand current trends, and avoid common mistakes, you can create a CV that opens doors. This guide answers the most searched-for CV writing questions, covering everything from how many words it should have to the best font to use, so you can present yourself in the strongest possible light.

How Many Words Should a CV Be?

While there’s no fixed rule, the sweet spot is between 500 and 800 words for most early-career professionals. This is long enough to show your skills, experience, and achievements without overwhelming the reader. Don’t treat your CV as an autobiography. Instead, see it as a highlights reel.

To hit the right length:

  • Focus on achievements that show impact. For example, instead of “Responsible for managing the front desk,” write “Managed front desk operations, improving visitor check-in efficiency by 30%.”
  • Cut out any outdated roles, irrelevant part-time jobs, or unnecessary details from early education unless they directly support your application.
  • Tailor the content to each role. Every job application should get its own customised CV.

What Tone Should a CV Have?

Your CV tone should be professional yet approachable. Think confident, not arrogant. Clear, not wordy.

Instead of overused corporate buzzwords like “results-oriented” or “team player,” show those traits through specific examples. For instance, instead of “Excellent team player,” write “Collaborated with cross-functional teams to launch a marketing campaign that increased brand engagement by 25%.”

Key tips for tone:

  • Use active verbs: managed, developed, delivered, implemented
  • Keep sentences short and to the point
  • Avoid slang, but don’t be so formal that your CV sounds robotic

What Should a Modern CV Look Like?

A modern CV should be clean, structured, and easy to scan. An eye-tracking study done by Ladder Inc. revealed that recruiters spend about 8 seconds on a CV, so make that glance count.

Formatting essentials:

  • Clear section headings for experience, education, and skills
  • Consistent font sizes (10–12 pt for body text, slightly larger for headings)
  • Balanced use of white space so it doesn’t feel cramped
  • Bullet points for achievements instead of long paragraphs

Avoid:

  • Overly bright colours and graphics that distract from the content.
  • Unusual fonts that reduce readability.
  • Overcrowding the page with text, less is more.
  • If you’re in a creative field (like design, marketing, or photography), you can inject subtle personality through layout or colour accents. Just make sure it’s still ATS-friendly.

What Is the Most Accepted CV Format?

The reverse chronological format is still the gold standard. It’s familiar to recruiters, easy to follow, and highlights your most recent and relevant experience.

Structure:

  • Name and contact details
  • Professional summary (2–4 sentences summarising your career focus and top skills)
  • Experience (starting with your most recent job)
  • Education
  • Skills and certifications

Other formats:

  • Functional or skills-based: Groups experience by skills rather than job titles. Useful for career changers, but less popular overall.
  • Hybrid or combination: Mixes both approaches. It can work well if you have strong skills and varied experience.

Should a CV Have a Photo?

In most cases, the answer is no. Adding a photo can unintentionally introduce bias and doesn’t add to your qualifications. Exceptions exist in countries where photos are standard (e.g., parts of Europe, Asia, and the Middle East) or for industries where appearance is part of the role.

If you must include a photo:

  • Use a professional headshot with good lighting
  • Avoid casual or cropped images from social events

Should You Put Your Address on Your CV?

There is no need for a full postal or residential address. Listing your city and region is enough to give employers context without wasting valuable space. If you choose not to include your address, it will not disqualify you from the position. This also helps protect your privacy and keeps your CV cleaner.

What Font Should You Use on a CV?

Stick to professional, easy-to-read fonts like Arial, Calibri, or Times New Roman. Avoid fonts that look too stylised or quirky.

Formatting tips:

  • Body text font size: 10–12 pt
  • Headings font size: 12–14 pt
  • Use bold sparingly to highlight key information
  • Avoid italics for large sections, as they’re harder to read

How Many Pages Should a CV Ideally Be?

For young professionals, one page is almost always enough. Two pages may be acceptable if you have multiple internships, projects, or relevant roles. Anything more than two pages risks losing the reader’s interest.

A good rule: If a detail doesn’t add value to the specific role you’re applying for, remove it. It is also important to only include factual information because employers actually do research their candidates on social media.

Extra Tips to Make Your CV Stand Out

1. Tailor every application.

Generic CVs rarely perform well. Use the job description to identify keywords and skills to include in your CV.

2. Quantify your achievements.

Numbers and metrics add credibility. For example:

  • Increased social media engagement by 40% in six months.
  • Reduced processing time for client requests by 15%.

3. Include relevant skills and certifications.

Add hard skills (like software proficiency) and certifications from recognised platforms. If you’ve completed relevant online courses, include them, especially if they show you’re building skills aligned to the role.

4. Proofread your CV multiple times.

Typos and errors are red flags to recruiters. Review your CV at least three times and ask a friend to check it.

Create a CV That Will Get the Attention of Employers

Your CV is a living document that should evolve as your skills, experience, and career goals develop. Think of it as your personal marketing tool, designed to get you into the interview room. With the right format, tone, and content, you’ll be ready to impress employers.

If you want to create a CV that looks professional without the formatting hassle, try our Resumé Builder. This free tool guides you step-by-step to a polished CV, so you can focus on what matters the most: landing the job you want.

free resume builder

Word of the Day: gulag

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This word has appeared in 43 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?

Cognitive Networks: Exposure Matters

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Cognitive Networks: Exposure Matters

Cover photo by Gerd Altmann from Pixabay

By Megan Sumeracki

In my last blog, I wrote about cognitive networks and implicit bias. The gist of the post was that our systems allow us to categorize and generalize, flexibly and automatically, and that this generally helps us. For example, we have some general rules about what a chair is, and a prototype for chairs. We can walk into a room we have never been in before and identify chairs we have never seen before, and we can do this very quickly. The problem, of course, is that we don’t just do this with chairs or other inanimate objects. We also do this with people.

Our experiences of what we see and hear ourselves out in the world, what we read, what we watch on screen, and what we are told are all integrated into our cognitive networks. We develop implicit bias, and this is true even if we consciously reject the stereotype, and whether we like it or not. For this reason, exposure to diversity matters.

In today’s post, I cover a research article that was published in Psychological Science, a prestigious peer-reviewed journal, by Yair Bar-Haim, Talee Ziv, Dominique Lamy, and Richard Hodes (1). The authors note previous research demonstrates that children as young as 4 years old already display racial stereotyping, and these kids also show a recognition advantage for faces that match their own race.

The study published by Bar-Haim and colleagues demonstrates that exposure to diversity in very young babies matters. They recruited 3-month-old infants that came from three distinct populations, and these populations varied in terms of how much exposure they had to different races.

One group of babies were recruited from Israel. They were white, and their caretakers were largely white.

Another group of babies were recruited from Ethiopia and were awaiting immigration to Israel. They were black, and their caretakers were primarily black.

A third group of babies were recruited from absorption centers in Israel. These babies were from Ethiopia, but had very recently immigrated to Israel. According to the authors, many new immigrants live in absorption centers when they first move to Israel. These babies were black and would have experienced a lot of cross-race exposure. For example, they receive a lot of social support in these centers, and these service providers are largely white. Further, there are a lot of other white immigrant families in these absorption centers.

Therefore, across the three groups, we have two groups where the race of the baby matches the race of the environment, and one group where there are many people, and even caretakers, in the environment that are diverse, and do not always match the race of the baby.

(An interesting related but slightly tangential nugget of information: In writing this piece, I consulted with a friend who is expert in identity theories. The authors in the referenced study used the term “Caucasian.” I remembered that the term was problematic, but would not have been able to explain to someone else exactly why. Further, if I was going to replace the term, I wanted to ensure I did so accurately and appropriately. When I asked my friend about it, they gave me a fascinating lesson on the term and labels that various groups have endorsed in different regions and throughout history. I learned that the term “Caucasian” comes from an 18th century anthropologist, Johann Blumenbach. He used the term to describe a skull that was found in the Caucasus Mountains region, calling the skull the most beautiful human skull. It was larger than others he studied, and this was assumed to signify that these people were superior because they must have had larger brains than others. He labeled these people Caucasians and identified them as representing the ideal human form, the top of a racial hierarchy. Caucasian is now used synonymously with “white European,” and implies that white Europeans are the ideal human form. I don’t begrudge the authors of the study cited here (1) for using the term; their article is from 2006, and it is a term that is still pervasive in some disciplines (see this editorial by Luwi Shamambo and Tracey Henry from 2022, 2). Still, I wanted to avoid using the term and thought other educators might be as interested as I was to learn the historical roots.)