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Outsmart Fake News: Protect Yourself From Online Misinformation

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Outsmart Fake News: Protect Yourself From Online Misinformation

Discover how to decipher fact from fiction and avoid falling for fake news stories on social media. Spreading false information can be a source of personal embarrassment – as Abraham Lincoln reportedly said, “It’s better to remain silent and be thought a fool than to speak and to remove all doubt.” More seriously, it can also be harmful to society. Examples abound of instances where false stories have had serious consequences, from the rise of measles in the UK following an ungrounded rumour about a childhood vaccine to the serious disorder in the USA following false allegations of election-rigging in the 2021 presidential race.

What Is Fake News?

Fake news can arise through a number of means: 

  • Misinformation such as rumours and false or misleading information which is spread without intent to mislead;
  • Disinformation or fake information that is deliberately spread to mislead the reader; 
  • Malinformation describes facts that are twisted or used out of context to spread hatred or negativity. 

One of the challenges of fake news is the speed with which it spreads. “A lie can travel around the world and back again while the truth is lacing up its boots.” – Mark Twain. The greatest challenge for governments and lawmakers is legislating against malicious or dangerous stories while protecting important freedoms such as free speech and the freedom of the press. 

False Stories That Have Made The News

Fake: Vaccine booster shots increase likelihood of death. Dr. Richard Urso told lawmakers in the state of Tennessee that individuals who received COVID-19 booster shots were more likely to die from coronavirus.

Truth: The Associated Press reported on this fake news and stated that researchers disputed the vaccine claim with verifiable studies that showed the opposite to be true. Some countries introduced legislation to prevent scaremongering about vaccination programmes during the pandemic.

A protester uses a ‘fake news’ poster to demonstrate against a ban on refugees entering the USA in 2017. Photo by Kayla Velasquez on Unsplash.

Fake: Venezuelan migrants deported from Martha’s Vineyard. An Instagram post claimed that 50 migrants had been deported from Martha’s Vineyard in Massachusetts. This “humanitarian crisis” post was widely shared on Facebook

Truth: PolitiFact clarified that a local government or municipality cannot deport any person/s. The group were brought to the mainland for food and shelter as the island did not have the resources to accommodate them.

Fake: Russian media referred to its invasion of Ukraine as a “special military operation” designed to rid Ukraine of Nazis. Coverage, which is government-controlled, majors on Russian victories with little reference to losses.

Truth: What is taking place between Russia and Ukraine is a war with many fatalities on both sides. Reputable news outlets such as BBC Verify have fact-checked the Russian slant on events and pointed out inaccuracies.

How to Spot Fake News

The burden falls on you as the consumer to not only spot fake news but also take responsibility and resist sharing or spreading it further. Here are some ways to ascertain the veracity of any story:

Verify the source. Inspect the web address you’re viewing the article on. A small spelling error may alert you to the truth of the site and what they are reporting. 

Double-check with other sources. Read other reports from reputable media outlets. Has anyone been quoted in the article? Are they an authoritative spokesperson?

Use a fact-checker site

. These carry out vital checks into whether a news story is authentic. Apart from investigating national news stories in their base country, most also look at international headlines around health, climate change etc. This list is far from exhaustive but examples include:

  • Snopes – US entertainment and politics
  • PolitiFact – run by the Poynter Institute, exposes false news stories in the USA with English and Spanish translations
  • FactCheck.org – A Project of The Annenberg Public Policy Center, checks the veracity of stories circulating in the USA
  • FullFact.org – UK-based independent fact checkers
  • AAP FactCheck – Australian-based independent organisation 
  • BBC Verify – UK and international news checker.

BBC Verify examines UK based and international events to provide factually accurate accounts of incidents such as the attack on a Moscow concert hall in March 2024 in which over 100 people were killed. Image from BBC.co.uk

Check images. Images used in fake news articles have been doctored, altered, edited, and manipulated in one way or another. Google’s Reverse Image Search tool allows you to check where various images originate and whether they have been altered.

Is it satire or parody? These types of articles and posts often go over people’s heads and they believe them to be true. Satirical posts are not fake news but exist for comedic value or to make a point.

What to Do if You Spot False Stories

Sometimes it’s enough to ignore fake news – by not passing it on, you are protecting others who may be more gullible. However, if the misinformation is harmful and you know it is false, and especially if it concerns a member of your family, there are a few steps you can take.

  1. Report the content or misinformation using the tools on the relevant platform.
  2. If you or a loved one have mistakenly spread information that you now know to be false, use the same platform to explain your error, if appropriate.
  3. Ensure that the victim of a false rumour has the emotional support they need, particularly if it is a young person. Children’s charities can help in that regard.

How to Avoid Fake News and Be a More Informed Reader

The best weapon against misinformation is factual information. We need to become digitally savvy and learn what we can about media, news, and information. The tool that is used to spread fake news also employs the weapons we can use to fight fake news. That is digital literacy. 

Alison teamed up with Dr Helen Crompton, an international expert in educational technology, on behalf of the Mobiles for Education (mEducation) Alliance to create two courses to help students navigate the internet safely and effectively.

  • The Diploma in Global Digital Literacy is a comprehensive course for new and experienced internet surfers. Covering everything from identifying credible digital content to creating high quality online content, it exposes the negative aspects of the web and explores how to maximise its positive aspects. Topics include understanding your online identity and digital footprint, using the internet for communication and collaboration, becoming a content creator, generative AI, digital problem solving, protecting your personal data and more. This course is perfect for socially conscious individuals or anyone who wants to use online skills to improve the world around them.
  • The short, certificate course, Global Digital Literacy, is the perfect introduction for beginners, covering everything from creating content to keeping your online identity safe.
  • Another source of expertise is our short certification, Fact Checking 101. Here, respected author, editor and teacher Marcia Yudkin lays out a roadmap for journalists to ensure they are reporting factually accurate information. She includes guidelines for fact-checking the authenticity of surveys and studies –  a popular tool for misinformation online. Download the exercises to practise your fact-checking skills.
    Learners who have benefited from this course include Chinedu O., who writes: “The course content was great. Short, Simple and Staight to the point.”
    George K. reports it was “Eye opening. I was able to discern between fact or fiction especially in US politics.”

Clearly, satire aside, fake news is no laughing matter. Empower yourself to become a more informed, digitally savvy citizen by enrolling in our free online courses today. 

Graphs

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Graphs

How comfortable are you with reading graphs? Have you ever found them to be useful or meaningful to your life? Are you ever confused or intimidated by them? What strategies do you use to read, interpret and evaluate them?

How important is graph literacy? Is it taught in your school? Where do you see graphs in your everyday life?

This week, The Upshot, a Times section devoted to visualizing the data behind its news stories, celebrated its 10th birthday by publishing a collection of its greatest hits — graphs, charts, maps and histograms on topics such as regional dialects in the United States, “Game of Thrones,” Covid school closures, and the best ‘Wheel of Fortune’ strategy.

Scroll through the collection and scan the various graphs and other visualizations. Pick one that you find most interesting, relevant or visually appealing to you: What caught your attention and why? What did you notice and wonder? What story does the graph tell that a typical text-based article couldn’t? Does the Upshot article make you appreciate the value of graphs more than before?

Tell us in the comments, and then read the related article to learn more about The Upshot and its 10th anniversary collection. Want more graphs to explore? Then visit the Learning Network’s weekly feature “What’s Going On in This Graph?”

Students 13 and older in the United States and Britain, and 16 and older elsewhere, are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public and may appear in print.

Find more Picture Prompts here.

Word of the Day: equilibrium

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Word of the Day: equilibrium

The word equilibrium has appeared in 102 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year, including on April 7 in the Opinion essay “My Faith Forbade Eclipse Gazing. Now It Inspires My Art” by Balarama Heller:

Many ideas in Vedic cosmology (which seeks explanations for both human and nonhuman affairs throughout the universe) depict the physical universe as profoundly animate and vibrant. Some explanations for the mechanics of the observable world mirror modern understandings of concepts like the atom, the cyclic nature of time at scale and quantum mechanics’ “many worlds” theory. But it is still an ancient set of beliefs where planets possess their own personalities, akin to living deities or demons. I am no longer religious, and do not believe in god nor superstition. But growing up, I regarded existence as a grand stage where conflicting energies of chaos and order perpetually and cyclically clash, each vying for supremacy before gradually reconciling and reaching a delicate equilibrium where they coexist in a harmonious, unified balance.

Can you correctly use the word equilibrium in a sentence?

Based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s Word of the Day and share it as a comment on this article. It is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun.

If you want a better idea of how equilibrium can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on Vocabulary.com. You can also visit this guide to learn how to use IPA symbols to show how different words are pronounced.

If you enjoy this daily challenge, try our vocabulary quizzes.

Students ages 13 and older in the United States and the United Kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, can comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff.

The Word of the Day is provided by Vocabulary.com. Learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in the Vocabulary.com Dictionary. See every Word of the Day in this column.

How an MCS grad chose his pathway with Illinois—a top-5 computer science school

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How an MCS grad chose his pathway with Illinois—a top-5 computer science school

Rahul is a recent graduate of the Master of Computer Science (MCS) program from The Grainger College of Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign (Illinois) on Coursera. With U.S. News and World Report naming Illinois’ Department of Computer Science in the top 5 in 2023, Rahul could confidently pick the MCS. Rahul had also earned his bachelor’s degree from The Department of Computer Science and taken machine learning courses on Coursera, so he was sure he could succeed with an Illinois program on the platform. “I knew the quality of the professors. I also knew the recognition and value of the degree in the market,” he says with conviction.

With the MCS, there are two pathways for different interests and goals. You can either select general computer science or data science as your pathway. For Rahul, the decision was clear. “I wanted to go back because the data science component was attractive,” he reveals, adding, “I wanted to catch up on all the new technologies since my undergrad.” Having been in his computer science career for approximately two decades, including tenures at both small and big companies, he also knew he wanted to gain additional experience in the ever-changing field. Ultimately, he says, “I wanted to land a job that would allow me to build on my previous work experience.”

Rahul earned his bachelor’s degree in computer science on campus at Illinois. However, when he returned for his master’s degree, he knew the online program would be the best fit for his family’s work-life balance. He notes, “The online program is not much different than being on campus. You get the interaction with instructors and peers, and the flexibility worked really well for my schedule.”

In addition to the fact that it supported his lifestyle, Rahul saw other benefits to learning on Coursera. “The tuition wasn’t as expensive, and I wanted that TA support,” he remembers, while also mentioning, “We had a Slack channel. It was a helpful resource to be able to network with other students and also get questions answered. It’s very much a collaborative program.”

Having graduated with his MCS in the spring of 2023, Rahul has now had the opportunity to reflect on his time in the program and appreciate the impact he’s made on his career by earning his master’s degree. He proudly states, “I got a job in Hollywood because of the knowledge I picked up in one of the courses. It very much qualified me for my role.” Rahul also has this advice for others who are considering the MCS: “It’s good to understand your WHY when you’re applying to the program. It’s going to be work, but it’ll also be rewarding.”

Rahul’s story shows us how you can learn on your terms with Coursera and earn a computer science degree with Illinois—whether that’s through the general computer science or data science pathway. If you’re thinking about a career in computer science, check out the Master of Computer Science from The Grainger College of Engineering at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign today and learn more about the two pathways you can take.

Learn more about the Master of Computer Science from the University of Illinois.

What Should Be Done About the Gender Pay Gap in Sports?

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What Should Be Done About the Gender Pay Gap in Sports?

In “Biden Weighs in on Caitlin Clark Salary Debate After W.N.B.A. Draft,” Neil Vigdor writes about the reaction to Clark’s contract:

President Biden jumped into a debate about gender and sports this week, calling for pay equity for women athletes after Caitlin Clark, the University of Iowa basketball standout, was selected first in the W.N.B.A. Draft.

Ms. Clark’s salary will be far less than that of her male counterparts. Mr. Biden, writing on X on Tuesday, said that for all their accomplishments in sports, women athletes were undervalued.

“Right now we’re seeing that even if you’re the best, women are not paid their fair share,” he said. “It’s time that we give our daughters the same opportunities as our sons and ensure women are paid what they deserve.”

Mr. Biden was nodding to a banner moment for women’s basketball, one powered by stars like Ms. Clark, who was chosen by the W.N.B.A.’s Indiana Fever, and Paige Bueckers of the University of Connecticut and Angel Reese of L.S.U.

But Ms. Clark’s salary will amount to $338,056 over the next four years, under the W.N.B.A.’s collective bargaining agreement. The total is a fraction of the contract of Victor Wembanyama, whom the San Antonio Spurs chose with the top pick in last year’s N.B.A. Draft. His contract was for $55 million, according to Spotrac, a website that tracks salaries in sports.

The disparity has drawn intense scrutiny during a pivotal moment for sports, particularly in college athletics. Students have gained the opportunity to monetize their athletic success through name, image and likeness, or N.I.L. deals, that can earn top stars like Ms. Clark millions of dollars. But the overall compensation of women in sports is far outpaced by how much money male athletes make.

The women’s national championship game, in which Ms. Clark’s Iowa lost to South Carolina, earned higher ratings for the first time than the men’s championship contest between UConn and Purdue.

In a related piece, “The Big Number: $76,535,” Marie Solis takes a closer look at the economics of why Clark will be paid so little as a player for the Indiana Fever compared with what her male counterparts in the N.B.A. make:

The longstanding disparity between the men’s and women’s teams has to do with the leagues’ finances.

The pot of money for players’ salaries is based on a percentage of revenue: While the N.B.A. generates annual revenue of about $10 billion, the W.N.B.A. pulls in about $200 million a year, and the men get a larger percentage of their league’s revenue than the women do.

But that could change, in part because of Clark. Sales of Clark’s Fever jersey at Fanatics, the digital sportswear retailer, broke its draft-night record for any draft pick in any sport. She also drew millions more viewers to ESPN’s coverage of the draft, and teams are anticipating a spike in ticket sales to W.N.B.A. games.

Clark is also likely to have other sources of income. She is nearing a $20 million deal with Nike, according to The Athletic.

Students, read the entire article and then tell us:

  • What is your reaction to Clark’s rookie contract with the Indiana Fever? Do you think it’s fair that her four-year salary of $338,056 is a small fraction of Wembanyama’s $55 million contract?

  • On the social media platform X, Biden said: “Right now we’re seeing that even if you’re the best, women are not paid their fair share. It’s time that we give our daughters the same opportunities as our sons and ensure women are paid what they deserve.” Do you agree? What message does the salary disparity between Clark and Wembanyama send to female athletes — and to the young women aspiring to play professionally one day?

  • Solis points out that the N.B.A. generates an annual revenue of about $10 billion, while the W.N.B.A. pulls in about $200 million a year. Is the gender pay gap simply a reflection of economics? Or do you think other factors are at play, too?

  • What do you think should be done about the gender pay gap in professional basketball and in all sports? What can sports leagues and governing bodies, colleges and universities, media companies and fans do to make sure that female athletes receive the respect and pay they deserve in our society?

  • Are you a Clark fan? Will you be following her and the W.N.B.A. when the season starts on May 14? Do you think Clark will continue to excel on the court and draw soaring ticket sales and television ratings in the W.N.B.A., as she did in college?

Word of the Day: grueling

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Word of the Day: grueling

The word grueling has appeared in 380 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year, including on April 19 in “F.A.A. Will Require More Rest for Air Traffic Controllers” by Sydney Ember:

In the report released by the F.A.A. on Friday, the expert panel identified 58 “opportunities” for efforts to address the risks posed by fatigue, including coming up with a plan to eliminate a common rotating schedule known as the rattler.

Under the rattler schedule, a controller might start his first shift of the week in the afternoon, with subsequent shifts beginning progressively earlier. The week would then culminate with a 24-hour period in which the controller worked both an early morning shift and, as few as eight hours later, overnight duty. Many controllers told The Times that, coupled with mandatory overtime, the schedule was exceptionally grueling.

Can you correctly use the word grueling in a sentence?

Based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s Word of the Day and share it as a comment on this article. It is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun.

If you want a better idea of how grueling can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on Vocabulary.com. You can also visit this guide to learn how to use IPA symbols to show how different words are pronounced.

If you enjoy this daily challenge, try our vocabulary quizzes.

Students ages 13 and older in the United States and the United Kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, can comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff.

The Word of the Day is provided by Vocabulary.com. Learn more and see usage examples across a range of subjects in the Vocabulary.com Dictionary. See every Word of the Day in this column.

What’s Going On in This Picture? | April 29, 2024

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What’s Going On in This Picture? | April 29, 2024

1. After looking closely at the image above (or at the full-size image), think about these three questions:

2. Next, join the conversation by clicking on the comment button and posting in the box that opens on the right. (Students 13 and older are invited to comment, although teachers of younger students are welcome to post what their students have to say.)

3. After you have posted, try reading back to see what others have said, then respond to someone else by posting another comment. Use the “Reply” button or the @ symbol to address that student directly.

Each Monday, our collaborator, Visual Thinking Strategies, will facilitate a discussion from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. Eastern time by paraphrasing comments and linking to responses to help students’ understanding go deeper. You might use their responses as models for your own.

4. On Thursday afternoons, we will reveal at the bottom of this post more information about the photo. How does reading the caption and learning its back story help you see the image differently?

We’ll post more information here on Thursday afternoon. Stay tuned!

More?

• See all images in this series or slide shows of 40 of our favorite images — or 40 more.

• Learn more about this feature in this video, and discover how and why other teachers are using it in their classrooms in our on-demand webinar.

• Find out how teachers can be trained in the Visual Thinking Strategies facilitation method.

Students 13 and older in the United States and Britain, and 16 and older elsewhere, are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public.

Announcing new job-relevant content from top brands to help learners prepare for surge in digital jobs

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Announcing new job-relevant content from top brands to help learners prepare for surge in digital jobs

By Marni Baker Stein, Chief Content Officer at Coursera

The World Economic Forum predicts that 94 million digital jobs could be available all over the world by 2030 – particularly higher wage jobs in places with lower economic opportunity and growing working age populations. 

To help learners everywhere develop the right skills to take advantage of these new opportunities, I’m excited to share that Samsung, Corporate Finance Institute (CFI), Keller Williams, and Fortinet have joined our partner community. We are also introducing several new Professional Certificates and adding exciting content to our Coursera Plus Library. 

Four new Professional Certificates from IBM, Meta, and Keller Williams

Entry-level Professional Certificates equip learners from all backgrounds -– no college degree or prior industry experience required — with skills for in-demand, entry-level jobs in just a few months. We’re pleased to announce the following certificates from industry giants like IBM, Keller Williams, and Meta.

AI Product Manager Professional Certificate from IBM – This 10-course program teaches the fundamentals of applied and generative AI, introduces learners to adaptive and agile product management methodologies, and defines job opportunities and career paths. Learners will not only be prepared for a career in AI product management, but will also gain a strong foundation for future career development in other sectors such as healthcare, finance, logistics, e-commerce, and cybersecurity.

Business Intelligence (BI) Analyst Professional Certificate from IBM – Learners will build in-demand BI skills such as SQL and data management and work with the latest tools including Tableau, IBM Cognos, Google Looker, and Excel. Upon completion, learners will be armed with a portfolio of projects and a certificate from IBM to showcase their expertise. They will also gain access to resources that help in their BI Analyst job search, including resume development and interview preparation.

Real Estate Agent Professional Certificate by Keller Williams –  This program from new partner Keller Williams, the world’s largest real estate franchise by agent count, will equip learners with the foundational models and job skills needed to excel as a real estate agent, including generating leads, interpreting market data, and managing client relationships. The five-course series is designed for those starting a career in real estate as well as current real estate professionals who want to uplevel their skillset.

Data Analyst Professional Certificate from Meta – This is Meta’s ninth Professional Certificate on Coursera and teaches skills in data collection, reporting and modeling, data SQL queries, and Python. With 100% of the program dedicated to hands-on practical training, learners gain crucial experience applying data analysis techniques to real-world scenarios.

Job-relevant courses and Specializations from new partners CFI, Fortinet, and Samsung

Data Skills for Excel Professionals Specialization from Corporate Finance Institute (CFI) – CFI, a leading banking and finance training provider, has launched its first Specialization on Coursera. This three-course series will teach learners how to apply Excel’s power tools such as Power Query and Power Pivot to manipulate data, increase productivity, and create visualizations.The program will also enhance seasoned users’ ability to leverage Excel for data-driven decision making and is a valuable resource for individuals seeking to sharpen their data skills in a corporate finance.

Network Security Specialization from Fortinet – Cybersecurity leader Fortinet’s first Specialization on Coursera is designed for industry professionals who want to become specialists in network security. The five-course Specialization provides learners with a solid understanding of how to implement, manage, and support an enterprise security infrastructure composed of multiple Fortinet devices to elevate their career in cybersecurity.

Customer Care Essentials from Samsung – This course from new partner and industry leader Samsung prepares learners to provide front-of-house troubleshooting support for Samsung mobile devices. Learners in this entry-level course, which can be completed in six hours, will build the skills needed to become a Samsung mobile repair technician or customer care representative.

New content available on Coursera Plus

We’re excited to share that our Coursera Plus content portfolio now includes programs from IBM and Vanderbilt University.  Popular courses such as Prompt Engineering for ChatGPTand ChatGPT Advanced Data Analysis from Vanderbilt University and Developing Front-End Apps with React from IBM are now available through Coursera Plus.

Coursera Plus learners get unlimited access to more than 90% of the Coursera catalog for $59 per month, including content from our biggest industry and university partners, guided projects, and job-ready certificates.

Learn the skills you need for a new job or explore a new career by enrolling on Coursera today.

Google launches AI Essentials course on Coursera to help learners boost their productivity and thrive

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Google launches AI Essentials course on Coursera to help learners boost their productivity and thrive

By Marni Baker Stein, Chief Content Officer, Coursera

Today, Google is launching a new AI Essentials course on Coursera to help workers develop essential AI skills to boost productivity and grow their careers.

AI has become a catalyst for innovation and change, with the potential to provide workers across nearly every sector with new opportunities. In addition to teaching foundational concepts, this new course shows learners how to actually use AI as a collaboration tool in their day-to-day work. The course is taught by AI experts at Google who are working to make the technology helpful for everyone.

“Google is proud to launch the AI Essentials course to help people at all skill levels harness the power and positive potential of AI,” said Lisa Gevelber, Founder, Grow with Google. “Whether people are looking to boost their productivity at work, or are curious about how to use AI to streamline daily tasks, we’re excited to help everyone, everywhere access foundational AI skills that can have an impact on their lives and careers.

Throughout the beginner-level course learners will:

  • Gain hands-on experience using generative AI to develop content and ideas, make informed decisions, and speed up routine tasks. 
  • Practice writing effective prompts to generate useful outputs.
  • Learn how to use AI responsibly by identifying AI’s potential biases and avoiding harm.
  • Develop strategies to stay up-to-date in the emerging landscape of AI.

Upon completion, learners will earn a certificate from Google to share with their network and potential employers.

We are proud to partner with an industry leader like Google to equip learners with a strong understanding of AI and practical experience using the technology to prepare them for the future of work.

Click here to enroll in AI Essentials from Google today.

Effects of Drawing on Memory

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Effects of Drawing on Memory

By Carolina Kuepper-Tetzel

We have looked at the benefits of combining text and visuals for memory and learning – see dual coding – in many previous posts. A new series of experiments has investigated the effects of drawing specifically and whether drawing improves memory for the to-be-learned material compared to other strategies (1). The research is so new that it is currently only available as a preprint and in the process of being submitted for publication. The upside of this is that the paper is already available publicly and that you can provide the authors with feedback on it. The researchers wanted to test whether drawing increases memory performance more than writing or mental imagery. In three experiments they pitched different conditions against each other to explore this topic.

Drawing vs. Writing vs. Doodling: Single Words Recall

In the first experiment, participants studied a list of words. Each word was presented individually to the participant followed by one of three prompts: drawing out the word, writing out the word repeatedly, doodling something unrelated. In the final memory test, the words that were drawn were remembered better than the words in the other conditions. So, a clear benefit of drawing the words was found.

Drawing vs. Writing: Word Pairs

In the second experiment, participants studied a list of unrelated word pairs. This time each word pair presentation was followed by one of two prompts: drawing a picture illustrating both words of the pair versus writing out the word pair out a couple of times. Memory performance on the final test showed a benefit of the drawing strategy compared to the writing strategy.

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