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11 Linux Interview Questions and Answers

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11 Linux Interview Questions and Answers
11 Linux Interview Questions and Answers

Interviews can be nerve-wracking, but the best way to calm your nerves is to practice with potential interview questions.

It’s impossible to know exactly what you’ll be asked during your interview, but you’re likely to face a variety of questions, ranging from relatively simple to complex. If you don’t know the answer to a question, don’t panic. Instead, be honest about what you don’t know and discuss how you’d go about finding the answer.

Engineers and developers often face problems they don’t immediately know the answer to, so demonstrating that you’re not thrown off by knowledge gaps is also key to a successful interview.

That said, here are some Linux interview questions you’re likely to face and their answers.

1. What is Linux?

Here, the interviewer is looking for an overview of what you know about Linux. Note that Linux is an open-source operating system developed by Linus Torvolds. Some other points to consider mentioning include:

  • Security, including authentication features and file system access control
  • Multiprogramming system
  • Application support
  • Customizable keywords

2. What is the Linux kernel?

The Linux kernel is the foundation of the Linux OS. It communicates between the computer’s hardware and software and manages hardware resources for users. It’s the first program that loads when a computer system starts.

3. What is LILO?

LILO stands for Linux Loader, and it’s a boot loader for the Linux operating system. It can function as a master or secondary boot program and performs functions like locating and starting the kernel.

4. What are process states in Linux?

A process is running a program. Linux process states include:

  • New/Ready. This means a process is ready to run.
  • Running. This means a process is being executed.
  • Blocked or waiting. This means a process is waiting for input or a system resource.
  • Terminated or completed. This means a process has either been completed or terminated by the OS.
  • Zombie. This means a process has been halted, but information about the process is still available in the process table.

5. What are the differences between Linux and UNIX?

There are several differences between Linux and UNIX, but the most important may be that Linux is open source while UNIX is proprietary. Linux is also used by many users, from home users and hobbyists to developers and businesses. UNIX is primarily designed for mainframes, servers, and workstations.

6. What is a Linux shell?

A Linux shell is what allows users to execute commands. It’s a command-line interface but significantly more powerful than the command line you find in Windows. BASH, or Bourne Again Shell, is the most widely used Linux shell. Other shells include:

  • CSH
  • KSH
  • TCSH
  • Bourne shell
  • ZSH

7. What is swap space in Linux?

Swap space is what Linux uses when the RAM is full. If the system needs more memory, inactive pages are moved to the swap space. It helps with relatively small overages, but it’s not a substitute for additional RAM.

8. What are the different types of file permissions in Linux?

There are three types of owners in Linux systems: user, group, and others. Owners can have three types of permissions:

  • Read, which allows the user to open and read the file but not modify or run it.
  • Write, which allows the user to open and modify the file but not execute it.
  • Execute, which allows the user to execute the file.

9. What is a daemon?

Daemons work in the background. They’re utility programs that monitor subsystems to ensure the operating system runs properly. They start when the system starts and terminate when the system shuts down.

10. What’s the difference between cron and anacron?

Cron and anacron both run jobs at scheduled times. Cron runs jobs at certain intervals if the computer is running, while anacron runs the job even if the computer is off. Cron is also a daemon, while anacron is not.

A cron is best for continuously running systems, like servers, while an anacron is best for systems that are regularly shut down, like workstations.

11. What is a zombie process?

A zombie process is a process that’s finished but hasn’t exited. This typically happens when a child function has finished, but its parent function hasn’t received and acknowledged the message. Once the parent process recognizes it, it’s removed from the process table.

Practicing the questions above will help you feel more confident if you face any Linux-related questions during your interview. But, you’ll also want to prepare for technical interviews. Technical interviews may involve debugging code, building a small project, or explaining how you would design a solution to a technical problem.

To learn more about technical interviews and how to prepare for them, visit our Career Center.

Interview Prep Courses & Tutorials | Codecademy

Interviewing is an important step in your journey towards landing a job in tech. Technical interviews let you showcase your skills and knowledge, but practice is key. You’ll need to understand technical concepts and be prepared to talk through solutions with your interviewers.

Lesson of the Day: Are We Making Progress as a Planet? Teaching With The Times’s ‘Hindsight’ Series

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Lesson of the Day: Are We Making Progress as a Planet? Teaching With The Times’s ‘Hindsight’ Series

2. What was the goal, promise or prediction explored in the article? Who made it and why?

3. What actually happened? In what ways were the goals or promises met? In what ways did they fall short?

4. What obstacles or challenges were met in trying to reach the goals?

5. What quote, image or detail from the article did you find most surprising, provocative or memorable?

6. Return to the warm-up activity: How does reading the article add to or change your perspective on the idea of progress? In what ways does the case study support the idea that we are making progress as a society? What questions do you still have about our abilities to solve urgent problems?

7. Why do you think The Times created the “Hindsight” series? In general, do you think that journalism focuses too much on problems rather than progress? What issue or problem would you like to see The Times explore in future installments of the series?

Option 1: Create a one-pager

Especially if members of your class all read about different issues, it might be helpful to synthesize and share what you have learned by creating a one-pager. You can start with a blank sheet of paper or use a template.

Your one-pager should include:

  • The goal, promise or prediction explored in your article.

  • At least one quote, statistic or detail from the article about what actually happened and why.

  • A drawing or other visual element that illustrates something important about the “headway” made on this problem.

But it might also include:

  • One word to capture the feeling or emotions that you are left with after reading the article.

  • One question you still have about promises, predictions and progress.

  • One quote, statistic or detail from the article about the obstacles or challenges to that original goal.

  • A prediction about the future of this issue

  • More images, colors, information and words as needed to help make sense of what you have read for an audience of your classmates.

Option 2: Share the lessons you learned with the Times Headway team

Matthew Thompson, the “Hindsight” series editor, writes in an introductory letter to readers:

“What on earth is progress? The Headway team and I would like you to help us define progress: how we measure it, and how we make it. We don’t expect to find simple answers. But the pursuit itself may light the paths to our best futures.”

The Headway team invites readers to offer their feedback about progress via a series of prompts at the end of each article. They welcome students 13 and over to post ideas to prompts like these:

  • What, if anything, surprised you about this story?

  • What would it mean to make more progress on this issue?

  • What lessons do you take from it?

Or, share your thoughts by writing to The Times at DearHeadway@nytimes.com. Be sure to include your name and your school.

Option 3: Share your thoughts and opinions about the future with other teenagers.

In a related Student Opinion question based on the article “Where Are Young People Most Optimistic? In Poorer Nations,” we ask, “Are You Optimistic About the Future?”

Annotated by the Author: ‘Meet “Supergirl,” the World’s Strongest Teenager’

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Annotated by the Author: ‘Meet “Supergirl,” the World’s Strongest Teenager’

“In school plays, I get stage fright, but I don’t have stage fright in powerlifting, even if I’m in front of hundreds of people,” said Naomi, whose modern Orthodox Jewish family follows strict religious rules.

It’s always tricky to select the best quotes. You try to pick ones that add something new to the story, not just back up what you’ve already written.

Here, I went with the “stage fright” quote because it lends a little-kid vulnerability to this athlete who has a “brave” nickname in a very macho sport. You can almost picture the two scenarios — getting nervous before a school play, but being blasé about lifting hundreds of pounds and competing against adults in front of big crowds.

While she must wear modest attire at her all-girls yeshiva in Teaneck, her powerlifting outfit includes a singlet and T-shirt, as well as colorfully striped knee socks, always mismatched, and bright red high-tops.

To work herself into an adrenaline-fueled zone of concentration at the recent Sunday competition, she paced behind the lifting area, with heavy metal blasting on her headphones.

“I hate it — I only listen to it before I lift,” said Naomi, who approaches the bar with yells, growls, staccato breathing and pumping arms. It is an unexpected preparatory ritual from a teenage girl who spends her weekdays studying the Talmud.

These few paragraphs, above, were meant to show how unusual it is for a teenage girl from a strict religious background to also be in the wild world of powerlifting. (Yelling! Growling! Heavy metal!)

Naomi often competes alongside her 14-year-old brother, Ari, and their father, Ed Kutin, both of whom are also accomplished lifters. Her mother, Neshama, assumes the role of manager. During the recent competition, Ms. Kutin cheered on her family and joked about her superstrong children shirking chores.

“They’re lifting in the 300- to 350-pound range, but you should be there when I ask them to carry in the packages,” she said.

In truth, she said, they are helpful. Years ago, Naomi helped with the groceries by carrying a 60-pound bag of dog food out of the supermarket. A bystander called it too heavy a load for a child.

“I told him, ‘We’re fine, you have no idea who she is,’” Ms. Kutin recalled.

It’s always good to include funny little anecdotes that tie into your character and subject. Here we have powerlifters annoyed that they have to help carry the groceries. Like, they may be world-class powerlifters, but they’re still regular teenagers. (No offense to the teenagers reading this.)

As a child, Naomi was a standout in karate and could beat the local boys at push-ups and other strength exercises. Her father, a longtime powerlifter, asked her to join his lifting workouts.

“She said, ‘I thought you’d never ask me,’” Ms. Kutin recalled.

The family ran it by their rabbi, since it is an unconventional activity for Orthodox girls. And then Naomi was off and lifting.

The Complete Guide to Customer Relationship Management

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The Complete Guide to Customer Relationship Management

A business’ most important asset is their customer base. Customers can make or break a business, so successfully managing that relationship is of fundamental important to a company. From their first impression of your employees to your company’s image to how you handle complaints, all interactions with the public need to be carefully managed to make sure that your brand is making the best public impression possible.

Managing customer relationships has changed drastically in recent years due to the expansion of online business. To guarantee a successful business-client relationship for you company, we’ve compiled the complete guide to Customer Relationship Management with everything you need to know!

Your first interaction with your customers is when you decide on your target market. In that sense, at the very beginning of your business venture, it’s the business that chooses the customers and not the other way around. From the outset, when writing your marketing plan, it’s crucial that you correctly identify who your customer base will be so that you can gauge their expectations and build a brand that will appeal to them.

Sales is the area that sees you engage most forcefully with your customers so it’s essential that you get the tone and pitch of your sales technique correct. Regardless of whether it’s in person or online, customers don’t want to feel like they’re the object of a hard sell. A successful sales force will result in customers thinking that the product or service for sale is something that’s essential to their lives and not something they’ve been convinced they need by a sales representative.

The world of online marketing is a completely different ball game to the traditional world of print advertising. Online ads can be much more targeted to your desired customers, allowing you to be much more specific in your messaging. This means you can build more personalised marketing campaigns, giving you the opportunity to build a brand that resonates more directly with your client base. However, you also have to make sure you retain a broad appeal for potential new customers.

With an increasingly large portion of business and commerce taking place online, learning how to effectively manage customers online is vital for the success of a business. Whether it’s managing online orders, fielding emails for information or staying on top of mailing lists, your online relationship with your customers is a whole world unto itself. Navigating this world successfully allows you to cut response time for any queries or questions your clients might have.

 

Business administration can become an unwieldy bureaucratic mess if it’s not kept lean and efficient. There’s nothing customers hate more than being passed around from one department to another when seeking an explanation or a refund from a company. Nothing is more harmful to your brand than this. This is why an efficient and organised administration team is so fundamental to the quality of the service you can offer your customers.

Face to face interactions is still the most important element of a business-client relationship because customers value the human touch of good customer service and equally can get turned off by rude or inefficient staff representing your company. When interacting with customers, the two most important things to remember are to always be polite and always be fully informed about all aspects of the business so that you can answer any possible questions they may have.

By 2030, 2/3 of all jobs will require Soft Skills

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By 2030, 2/3 of all jobs will require Soft Skills

Soft Skills are becoming increasingly essential for career success and mobility. If you’re looking for a quickfire way to invest in your future, then adding these soft skill diplomas to your CV will mark you out to potential employers as a personable team player and someone they’ll want as part of their business.

Some job-seekers make the mistake of thinking soft skills aren’t skills but ‘qualities’ that can’t be taught. However, as these courses show, soft skills can be acquired like any other skillset as long as you have a desire to learn and quality educational resources.

With Alison you’ve always got world class courses, so get learning!

 

The number one soft skill every employee needs, regardless of industry, is excellent communication skills. Our Diploma in Business Communication Skills is a CV essential as it shows employers that you value this vital asset and have taken steps to make sure that there’s never a communication breakdown.

In order to stand out in the labor market, unique skill sets are invaluable. However most employers prefer to have team players in their company rather than gifted individuals who can’t work with others. That makes teamwork an essential skill requirement for every job-seeker in the market. Being able to work well with others means increased workplace harmony and greater productivity for a business.

Emotional Intelligence is becoming increasingly valued in the workplace as society places more of an emphasis on mental health and wellbeing. Developing your emotional intelligence has countless benefits for you and your colleagues. If a workplace is composed of individuals with high emotional intelligence, it becomes a much happier, and thus more productive, space.

The ability to deal with difficulties as they arise and think on your feet is a skill that will set you apart at work and mark you out as potential management material. When the system crashes, or your coworker is out sick, or the supply lines are down, the employee who can rise to the occasion and solve the problems in front of them with creative solutions will be the one the boss turns to in the future when they need answers.

Effective time management is what underpins productiveness and shows that you care about your work and take it seriously. This can be a difficult skill to master, however this course teaches you everything you need to know to become a punctual and productive employee.

The workplace is not always a happy place and conflict management and the ability to negotiate are skills that can go a long way in improving the office’s quality of life. This skillset will make you out as a leader as many individuals are conflict averse and so never upskill in this crucial area. However a workplace cannot function efficiently if there isn’t someone there to iron out the wrinkles.

Any client-facing role requires you to be sympathetic and understanding with clients who might not always be easy to manage! This course outlines the various methods you can apply when dealing with the wide range of clients you’ll be confronted with in a public role.

Gratitude

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Gratitude

The holiday season is a time of gatherings and reflection. How often do you take stock of all the good things you have in your life? What are some of the things — big or small — that you’re grateful for? How easy does gratitude come to you?

Tell us in the comments, then read the related article, which features expressions of gratitude collected from Times readers.

Want more Picture Prompts? Find them all in this column.

Students 13 and older in the United States and Britain, and 16 and older elsewhere, are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public.

Word of the Day: pristine

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Word of the Day: pristine

1. immaculately clean and unused

2. free from dirt or contamination

_________

The word pristine has appeared in 250 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year, including on Nov. 3 in “‘Everything About You Must Say Power’” by Vanessa Friedman:

Six years ago, Eric Adams, then Brooklyn borough president, stood onstage at Medgar Evers College in Brooklyn and thundered his commencement advice at the soon-to-be graduates.

He exhorted them to “reach for the stars.” “You are lions,” he told them. They should always say to themselves, “I am possible.”

But, he warned them, while you’re doing all that, do not forget, “When you play where the big boys and the big girls play, everything you do people watch.”

“People look at your presentation before they take you seriously,” he said. “Everything about you must say power.”

On the first Tuesday in November, as he strode to a podium in Brooklyn to declare victory in New York City’s mayoral contest, becoming the second Black mayor in the city’s history and chief of the power playground, Mr. Adams modeled exactly what that meant — as he has been doing since he began his climb toward Gracie Mansion. His white shirt was so pristine it practically glowed; his collar open; his cuff links closed.

Can you correctly use the word pristine in a sentence?

Based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s Word of the Day and share it as a comment on this article. It is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun.

Then, read some of the other sentences students have submitted and use the “Recommend” button to vote for two original sentences that stand out to you.

If you want a better idea of how pristine can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on Vocabulary.com.

What’s Going On in This Graph? | Jan. 5, 2022

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What’s Going On in This Graph? | Jan. 5, 2022

4. After you have posted, read what others have said, then respond to someone else by posting a comment. Use the “Reply” button to address that student directly.

On Wednesday, Jan. 5, teachers from our collaborator, the American Statistical Association, will facilitate this discussion from 9 a.m. to 2 p.m. Eastern time.

5. By Friday morning, Jan. 7, we will reveal more information about the graph, including a free link to the article that includes this graph, at the bottom of this post. We encourage you to post additional comments based on the article, possibly using statistical terms defined in the Stat Nuggets.

We’ll post more information here on Thursday afternoon. Stay tuned!

More?

• See all graphs in this series or collections of 60 of our favorite graphs, 28 graphs that teach about inequality and 24 graphs about climate change.

• View our archives that link to all past releases, organized by topic, graph type and Stat Nugget.

• Learn more about the notice and wonder teaching strategy from this 5-minute video and how and why other teachers are using this strategy from our on-demand webinar.

• Sign up for our free weekly Learning Network newsletter so you never miss a graph. Graphs are always released by the Friday before the Wednesday live-moderation to give teachers time to plan ahead.

• Go to the American Statistical Association K-12 website, which includes teacher statistics resources, Census in the Schools student-generated data, professional development opportunities, and more.

Students 13 and older in the United States and the Britain, and 16 and older elsewhere, are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public.

Vocabulary in Context: Holiday Lights

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Vocabulary in Context: Holiday Lights

Each window was inspired by children’s drawings of holiday dreams — of homes, beaches and games. “The style is sort of candy-coated imagination,” said Andrew Winton, the senior vice president of creative at Saks, who oversees the holiday displays.

Mrs. Obama was there to promote a partnership between Saks and the Obama Foundation’s Girls Opportunity Alliance. In addition to a $1 million donation, the store capsule collections with some of Ms. Obama’s favorite design labels, including Jason Wu, Philip Lim and Oscar de la Renta, with 100 percent of the net proceeds this year going to the foundation. The collections include clothing, housewares, beauty and accessories.

Are You Optimistic About the Future?

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Are You Optimistic About the Future?

Will today’s children be better off financially than their parents?

What do you think is the most important factor in determining success?

Do you think the world is becoming better?

What is the best part of being a young person today?

These are just a few of the questions asked in a new global survey of 15- to 24-year-olds. How would you answer them? On the whole, how optimistic are you about the world and the future?

In “Where Are Young People Most Optimistic? In Poorer Nations.,” Claire Cain Miller and Alicia Parlapiano write:

Will the next generation do better than the one that came before? To young people in wealthier nations, that dream of upward mobility seems more like a story about the past than modern-day reality, according to a large new survey taken in 21 countries.

In poorer countries, though, there is still hope that young people’s lives will be better than those of their parents, and that the world is becoming a better place.

“In a lot of the developing world, there is a bit more optimism that yes, with each generation our living standards are improving,” said Laurence Chandy, director of the office of global insight and policy at UNICEF, which conducted the survey with Gallup. “But there’s a recognition in the West that’s stopped happening.”

In the United States, 56 percent of young people and 64 percent of older people said that children today would be worse off, economically, than their parents — a view that comports with the economic realities for many in recent years.

The survey was of 21,000 people in two age groups — 15 to 24, and 40 and up — and included nationally representative samples from all regions of the world. The younger group said that children today were better off in basic ways, like education, health care and physical safety. In the median country, 57 percent of them said the world was becoming a better place with each generation, compared with 39 percent of older people.

The article features many quotes from follow-up interviews with young respondents from around the world. Here is a sampling:

The best part of being a teenager now is I don’t have to work as much, I have more freedom, and we’re online.

— Landen Otaka, 16, Hawaii

Luck and family wealth have a great influence on a person’s success, even greater than hard work and education. However, they go hand in hand.

— Victor Paganotto Carvalho Freitas, 24, Brazil

The worst part of being a young person is social media. People believe that their lifestyle is not fulfilling compared to the celebrities and influencers they follow.

— Lorraine Nduta, 21, Kenya

The state of the world right now is very upsetting. Humanity is certainly doing something wrong.

— Valeriia Drabych, 19, Ukraine

I am very optimistic about where the world is headed. The number of wars in the world has decreased, and science has advanced a lot.

— Md. Rafaiat Ullah, 24, Bangladesh

Students, read the entire article and look at the images and graphs, then tell us:

  • Are you optimistic about the future? What gives you hope? What makes you fearful or worried?

  • How would you answer two central questions in the global survey: Do you think children in your country will be economically better or worse off than their parents when they are older? Do you think the world is becoming better? Why or why not? Tell us your views.

  • What is your reaction to the survey’s results? What did you find most illuminating, provocative or inspiring? Are you surprised that young people in poorer nations are more optimistic about their futures?

  • Valeriia Drabych, 19, from Ukraine said: “The state of the world right now is very upsetting. Humanity is certainly doing something wrong.” While Md. Rafaiat Ullah, 24, from Bangladesh said: “I am very optimistic about where the world is headed. The number of wars in the world has decreased, and science has advanced a lot.” Which quote from a young respondent in this article resonates most with your own experiences and views on the state of the world and the future?

  • Do you feel any more or less hopeful about the future after reading this article? Why or why not?

  • What question would you like to ask teenagers around the world? Why?

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