Pseudocode is an effective tool that programmers can use to break large problems down into more digestible sections. Imagine a writer who plans to write a novel. There are many elements to consider, like the characters, plot, setting, scenes, and so on. Without a way to plan the story’s direction, the novel can become a collection of disconnected ideas. That’s why most writers plot out the basic details in an outline. 

Pseudocode is like a writer’s outline, only it’s a roadmap for writing code. It takes some basic programming knowledge to understand what you’re looking at when reading pseudocode. But since pseudocode isn’t an actual programming language or tied to a specific syntax, even beginners and non-programmers can grasp the high-level basics of the application’s outline or rough draft.  

Ahead, we’ll explain how pseudocode can come in handy when building various applications. And if you’re more of a visual learner, check out the video below.

Why programmers use pseudocode 

Pseudocode lets programmers write their application plans in plain English before transferring it to a programming language, like Java. This makes it easier to determine user flows and eliminate top-level flow errors. 

​​Developing software​ is a collaborative process. Along with programmers, you also have product designers, marketing managers, and other teams who have a stake in the application’s development. Resolving problems among team members with varying levels of programming knowledge can eat up a lot of resources, which is one reason why pseudocode helps dev teams save both time and effort. 

Pseudocode helps devs find pitfalls and problems before development begins. Once the pseudocode outline is complete, it’s usually inspected and verified by other programmers or system designers. In short, pseudocode makes it easier to write algorithms that work with minimal issues and deliver the desired result before you get to the nitty gritty coding work. 

Using pseudocode to solve problems 

Pseudocode serves as a versatile tool that aids in various aspects of the coding journey, like problem-solving. With pseudocode, you can break down complex problems into manageable, bite-sized pieces or subgroups and get closer to identifying the core problem an application aims to solve. Pseudocode acts as a document for high-level solutions and provides a structured overview of the planned approach. Plus, pseudocode can be valuable when you’re evaluating the success of a project because you can compare your end product with the initial intentions. 

Here are some more advantages of using pseudocode​​: 

• Better readability. Pseudocode makes communication clearer for people from an array of disciplines, such as mathematicians, business partners, and managers. 
• Better code construction. Pseudocode makes it easier to convert those principles into code written in any programming language faster. 
• Faster development: Outlining a project with pseudocode helps solidify an idea and expedite production. 
• Easier bug detection and repair. The ​higher-level​ format in pseudocode makes finding and repairing bugs faster and smoother before the first line of code is even written. 

In addition to all of these benefits, pseudocode can be used to create user scenarios and stories, avoid bugs, crashes, and other error messages. It’s flexible and doesn’t follow the same formal standards as writing code, so it allows you to discover more efficient solutions, iterate quicker, and create a more refined coding process overall. 

How to write pseudocode 

The cool thing about pseudocode, especially for beginners, is that it’s not tied to a specific programming language or formal standards. Technically anyone can write pseudocode, but you need some fundamental programming knowledge to understand what it is you’re describing or reading. In our free course Learn the Basics of Programming, you’ll acquire foundational programming knowledge and hone your pseudocode writing skills. This course also helps you identify the programming language that best suits your goals.  

Pseudocode is typically written in uppercase, and the six primary parameters (or keywords) of pseudocode are: 

• SEQUENCE. It means a sequence performed right after another. 
• WHILE. With a condition at the beginning, it is a loop. 
• REPEAT-UNTIL. A loop with a condition at the bottom. 
• FOR. Additional way to enact looping. 
• IF-THEN-ELSE. ​Directs an algorithms flow.​ 
• CASE. A generalization of IF-THEN-ELSE. 

These basic commands are enough to write sufficient pseudocode, but some projects may require two additional commands. The first one is CALL, which is used to invoke a function. The other deals with code handling exceptions, so the command EXCEPTION, WHEN keywords might be used. 

Here’s an example of what a pseudocode snippet for a simple Python program that finds the larger of two numbers:

BEGIN
    NUMERIC nNum1, nNum2
    DISPLAY "ENTER THE FIRST NUMBER: "
    INPUT nNum1
    DISPLAY "ENTER THE SECOND NUMBER: "
    INPUT nNum2
    IF nNum1 > nNum2
        DISPLAY nNum1 + " is larger than " + nNum2
    ELSE
        DISPLAY nNum2 + " is larger than " + nNum1
    END

Tips for writing good pseudocode  

Pseudocode is meant to be easily understood by anyone who needs to understand the direction of your application build process. ​Some common practices include:​ 

1. Capitalizing the initial word or main command (usually one of the parameters listed above). 

2. Writing one statement per line. 

3. Indenting to clarify a hierarchy (if there is one) and make your pseudocode easier to decipher. 

4. Ending sections with the END keyword (ENDIF, ENDWHILE, etc.). 

5. Making programming language statements independent. 

6. Naming the problem domain. In other words, try to be specific and avoid vagueness. 

7. Keeping it simple, to the point, and easy to read. 

Get started with pseudocode 

To recap, pseudocode stands out as a powerful tool for several reasons. It’s English-like format makes it clear and accessible across a wide variety of audiences. Writing pseudocode comes with no associated costs or additional expenses to a tech team — in fact, it accelerates and streamlines the application building phase. Above all, pseudocode allows for error correction before any actual code is written, contributing to a more robust development process.  

If you want to start writing pseudocode yourself, check out our free course Learn the Basics of Programming with Codecademy. You’ll learn how to write pseudocode as you pick up the basics of programming, and how to figure out which programming language is best for you.

Port forwarding is a crucial concept that often comes into play when engaging in certain activities. Whether you’re setting up a game server to facilitate seamless gaming experiences, hosting your own website directly from your home, or ensuring remote access to security cameras while you’re away, port forwarding plays a pivotal role. 

​​​The examples above all involve setting up servers to be accessed from an outside source. Port forwarding establishes a connection between a router’s public IP address and the IP addresses and ports of services on a network. ​But what exactly are you doing when you ​configure​ your router? Why is port forwarding necessary? What else can it be used for?​  

We’ll cover all that below, but first, let’s look at how a router works and what these ports are.

How a router works 

A router connects the devices in a network by forwarding data packets between them. This allows devices to communicate with each other and the internet. The router tracks all the devices on the network by assigning a local IP address to each one. In the early days of the internet, a modem sufficed for single-device connections, but with the prevalence of multiple connected devices, routers became essential. 

When you browse the internet, router forwards your request to the modem. When the response comes back, the router routes it back to the right device using its assigned IP address. This forwarding is necessary because only by the router knows the local IP addresses assigned to each device in the network. Any data traveling to your device never ​gets​ there directly. It must be forwarded. 

What are ports? 

Local IP addresses are assigned to each device connected to a router. These IP addresses are only known by the router, unlike public IP addresses that are used by DNS servers to connect you to the right server or the one that your router uses to connect to the internet. 

But there is another number that works with the IP address that allows you to connect to the website: the port number. When you browse an insecure site, one that begins with http, you are connecting to port 80 on the server. When you visit a secure site, one that starts with https, you are connecting to port 443. 

Just like an IP address maps all the devices on a network so they can receive data meant for them, ports map all the services and applications on a computer so that data reaches the intended service. For data to be transferred across a network, both an IP address and a port are necessary. 

Here are the default port numbers of some common applications: 

• 22. ​for ​Secure Shell (SSH)​.​ 
• 80. ​for ​HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)​.​ 
• 110. ​for ​Post Office Protocol (POP3)​.​ 
• 443. ​for ​HTTP with Secure Sockets Layer (SSL)​.​ 
• 3306. ​for ​MySQL database​.​ 
• 5432. ​for ​PostgreSQL​.​ 

When you connect to any one of these services, you have to know the port number. There could be dozens of services running on the same machine or at the same IP address, and without the port, the device doesn’t know where you want the data you are sending it to go. 

What is port forwarding? 

Port forwarding is a map between a router’s public IP address and the IP addresses and ports of the services running on a network. It tells your router to relay data that it receives on a specific port to a specific port on a specific private IP address on the network. 

​​W​hen you set up a server to host your website at home, you have to add port forwarding rules to your router. You do this by finding the IP address of the computer running your website and setting a rule to forward all traffic on port 80 to that IP address. You can also specify the port you forward the data to. For example, if you run the website on port 8080, you can forward it to that port. 

Some applications only require one port to be forwarded, like the website example. Other applications use a whole range of ports for the many services they run, and you have to forward this range in the router to the device. 

Many consumer applications have a feature called UPnP, or Universal Plug and Play, which will automatically set up these rules in your router. For other applications, you will have to log in to the admin screen of your router and enter the port forwarding rules manually. 

Why is port forwarding important? 

Your router is designed to let you connect to any service on the internet. It routes your data to the internet with the IP address and the port and allows the router on the other end of the connection to handle the details of connecting to the right server and service. When you get a response, the router knows you made the request and routes it back to you. 

But what if you wanted to host a website on your home computer? People from outside your network would have to connect to your device on port 80 using an IP address only known to the router. You can set up a DNS server to point to your public IP address, but that only gets as far as your router. And your routerl has no clue what is going on. In fact, many are designed to block connections on certain ports with a firewall by default for security. 

​​Port forwarding with ​TCP ​compared to​ UDP 

​​There are also two types of ports that you can forward: ​​​ 

• ​​​Transfer Control Protocol, or ​TCP​.​​ 
• ​​​​User Datagram Protocol, or ​​UDP. ​     ​​ 

​​​Both of these​ protocols run on top of the I​nternet​ ​P​rotocol. The choice between TCP and UDP for port forwarding depends on the specific requirements of the service or application being used. When you are forwarding a port number, it’s also important to specify the type of port you are forwarding. ​ 

TCP is the most common protocol on the internet. It’s the one we use to browse websites, and it guarantees the delivery of data. Every packet of data sent to a recipient is acknowledged by the recipient so the data can be put back together reliably. 

UDP doesn’t care about ​acknowledgements​. It just sends the data out and doesn’t worry about any missing data. This allows the data to stream to the device faster because it doesn’t have to go through all the back-and-forth communication that TCP does. And streaming is one of the main things UDP is used for, both for videos and video games. 

What ​else ​is port forwarding used for? 

​​​P​ort forwarding is necessary whenever a device outside a network must connect to a service or application running on a device in the network. Its application extends to various scenarios, like facilitating remote desktop access to your home desktop from a different location, directing traffic to your server within the network when running a public website, and hosting a VPN to enable remote internet browsing using your home network’s IP address. In these instances, port forwarding is the mechanism that ensures seamless and secure communication between devices across diverse network environments.​ 

Learn more about port forwarding 

All services you connect to on the internet not only have an IP address but also a port number. Both are necessary to make sure data gets to where it is going. Port forwarding allows communication to get to the right device and application on a private network by mapping a router’s public IP to ports on devices running in the network. 

If you want to host your own web application at your house, you’ll need to know how to forward a port. And if you want to learn how to build that application, check out our Full-Stack Engineer career path. It will teach you both back-end and front-end development skills you’ll need.