Amazon Web Services (AWS) is gaining traction as one of the first complete cloud-based computing platforms on the market today. As it becomes more popular, the need for AWS Developers will also increase.  

If you’re in the running for one of these positions, you can expect to be asked several AWS-focused questions during your interview. Practicing ahead of time with some common questions can help boost your confidence so you can put your best foot forward.  

You can also set up a mock interview to help you practice. Rehearsing with other people can help you identify any areas you might need to work on before your interview. (You can also do your mock interview on Zoom if you’ll be interviewing virtually.) If you’d rather practice on your own, you can use Zoom to record yourself and then play the recording back to see how you did. 

To help you start preparing, here are 15 AWS-related interview questions, plus tips on how to answer them.

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1. Why should an organization migrate to the AWS Cloud? 

The time and effort it takes to migrate to the cloud can be significant, but hosting an application in the AWS cloud can help the whole workforce become more productive. Before migrating, the organization needs to assess the security of their current data storage solution and whether virtualizing information is the best solution to meet its specific needs. For most organizations, moving data to a secure cloud computing platform reduces expenses and keeps data secure from cyber attacks. 

2. What are the key components of AWS? 

Some of the critical components that make up AWS include: 

• Route53: a DNS and networking service. 
• Simple Email Service (SES): a hosted email service 

• Identity and Access Management (IAM): security management 
• Simple Storage Service (S3): storage management 
• Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2): computing resources 
• Elastic Block Store (EBS): persistent storage 
• CloudWatch: security and monitoring 

3. What’s an AMI, and what does it do? 

An Amazon Machine Image (AMI) is a template that consists of the information needed to launch an instance, which includes an application server, applications, and the operating system used. With this information, a copy of the AMI is created within the cloud’s virtual server. 

4. Which AWS services are available in any region? 

Amazon launches different AWS services to each region separately. There are some features that users in certain regions cannot access, but the services available regardless of region include Identity and Access Management (IAM), Route 53, Web Application Firewall, and CloudFront. 

Note: Amazon may release new services to all regions at any time, so be sure to check for any updates to the list before your interview. 

5. What are the search features in the Amazon cloud called? 

Amazon CloudSearch provides cloud-based search features. Several types of searches are offered, including Boolean-based searches, pre-fix, and full-text searches. Amazon CloudSearch also includes autocompleting for searches to help the user quickly find the information they need. 

6. What is Snowball, and how does it work? 

AWS Snowball allows for easy movement of data to the edge of the computing cloud and beyond. Snowball transfers large volumes of data to the cloud at once, minimizing networking expenses and the time and effort needed to transfer data packets. 

Using Snowball, a terabyte of data can move to the cloud in as little as a week. This makes it ideal for organizations with a high volume of data to move, such as healthcare providers and medical insurers. 

7. What load balancers exist in AWS? 

AWS has three built-in load balancers — classic, network, and application. 

• Classic works on applications built on the Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) network. 
• The network load balancer offers a static IP and powers extreme performance. 
• Application is used to balance newly designed applications through flexible management. 

8. What services does Amazon CloudWatch monitor? 

CloudWatch allows you to monitor key data points from the performance stack, including logs, metrics, application performance, and events. These points are displayed on an easy-to-read dashboard to make it easy to detect issues with website performance. 

9. What’s AWS Lambda, and what does it do? 

AWS Lambda allows code to run without the need to provision or manage the server. Lambda not only runs code for applications or back-end services, but it also manages computing resources like the operating system and servers. 

10. What options exist for virtualization in the AWS cloud? 

AWS users have three options for virtualization through the platform: 

11. How can you use AWS to prevent DDoS attacks? 

AWS includes multiple built-in tools to prevent DDoS attacks, including: 

• Shield 
• Cloudfront 
• Route 53 

12. What are the advantages of auto-scaling? 

Auto-scaling helps allocate resources properly by automatically provisioning and launching new instances as needed without any human intervention. This typically leads to a reduction in expenses for the business. 

13. What are users, user groups, and roles in AWS? 

Users refer to the root user and IAM user accounts that govern who can access which information, with the root user having the most authority. User groups refer to several IAM users that are given specific permissions. This is great for organizations with large personnel. 

Roles are given specific permissions as well, but they aren’t tied to a person. A user can switch to a role for access rights to a service if needed. 

14. How many buckets can each AWS account accommodate? 

Amazon S3 stores data in buckets, and each account in AWS can create 100 buckets before reaching its default limit. 

Get more interview prep 

These questions give you a great starting point as you prepare for your AWS-related job interview. But if you’re looking for more ways to prep, check out our complete guide to acing the technical interview, tips for answering behavioral interview questions, and our advice for the whiteboard interview. We also have a guide for interviewing on Zoom if you’re doing a virtual interview. 

For more, check out our Career Center, which features more resources for your interview, along with resume, cover letter, networking, and portfolio advice. 

If you’re looking for a class or skill path to sign up for, you can check out our catalog.

Are you in interview prep mode? Whether you’re looking for database administrator interview questions to use in a mock interview, or simply looking for review questions to reinforce what you’re learning, you’ve come to the right place.  

Reviewing commonly asked interview questions and practicing answering them out loud is one of the best ways to prepare for an interview, especially a technical interview when you could be asked a wide range of questions to test your relevant skills and knowledge. To help you get ready for your interview, we put together a list of 15 of the top questions that are asked during Database Administrator interviews.

1. What type of databases do you have experience with? 

You probably covered this on your resume, but the interviewer will likely want to talk through this early in your interview. It’s a great opener because it allows you to discuss your skills as they relate to the position you’re interviewing for and any projects you’ve worked on in other jobs or freelance work. 

When you’re narrowing down which databases to discuss, you could look back at the job description to find the ones that are most relevant to this job. Prioritize talking about the ones listed on the job description, and then, talk about others you have experience with as well. 

2. Do you have experience working with on-premises databases, cloud databases, or both? 

Some companies still use on-premises databases, so your interviewer will want to hear more about your experience with this if you’ve worked with on-premises databases. Others have switched entirely to the cloud, while some are transitioning. But having experience with both types could be valuable to your future employer if they’ll be making that transition and are looking for help with it. Explain how long you’ve worked with each type of database and what tasks you performed. 

3. What is ODBC? 

Open database connectivity (ODBC) is an API that unifies access to multiple SQL databases. It’s interoperable, meaning it enables a single application to communicate with different DSNs and return results. 

4. What is the highest number of database servers you have experience working with? 

This is an important question because hiring managers expect you to be able to work with a specific number of databases. The number of databases will be relative to the size of the database you manage. 

When answering the question, mention the number of databases you’re capable of working with at one time, along with their size. This is crucial because, for example, if you have worked with five at a time, but you fail to mention they were 1 TB, you’ll give the interviewer an inaccurate idea of your skills and experience. 

5. How do you handle the loss of data during a database migration? 

The interviewer will ask you this question to assess how you would handle a database migration and what you would do if any problems occurred. Since data migrations present challenges and there’s always a risk data will become lost or corrupted, this is an important topic to cover. 

You should talk through the precautions you take before the migration to help prevent problems, specifically putting proper failover and recovery processes in place. 

Also, you can mention how migrating data in smaller increments rather than on large migration is the best way to minimize data loss. You also need a system for validating the migrated data. This allows errors to be detected and managed faster before continuing the migration process. While it won’t eliminate loss, it will significantly lower the risk. 

6. What are some common concerns with database management? 

A common concern for database managers is data safety. This is because one of the top priorities is to ensure there’s no loss or corruption of data during migration or during general use. 

Security is another common concern. Whether the breach is caused by employee negligence or hackers, data leaks can be detrimental to a business’s reputation and survival. It’s crucial to take preventative measures and have plans to deal with these types of issues. 

7. Why use an SQL agent? 

A SQL agent performs the job scheduling function. You can set jobs to run at a specific time or when a particular event occurs. 

In most cases, SQL agents are used to schedule repetitive administrative jobs. One example of this is a daily database backup. 

8. Would you run a test on a live database? Why or why not? 

The correct answer to this question is no. That’s because running tests in a live production environment can lead to data corruption or a system crash, causing the server to become unstable. This can lead to a very pricy fix, resulting in a significant financial loss for a company. 

Rather than running tests live, it’s better to run them in a staging environment, which should happen before pushing anything out to the live database. 

9. What is a database? 

This question may sound obvious, but answering it tells the interviewer you understand the nature of databases and what they do. A database is a collection of organized, structured data or tables. This data is controlled by a database management system and can be navigated using a common language such as SQL. 

Learn more about the different types of databases. 

10. How would you improve our data backup process? 

You can speed up the backup process by performing backups when fewer people are accessing the database. Also, consider backing up the database to multiple files instead of one large one. This significantly reduces the completion time of a backup. Incremental backups can also reduce backup time. 

Keep in mind that companies are always looking for ways to save money and optimize time, and shortening the backup process while maintaining efficiency is important to business owners. 

11. What is Hadoop? 

Hadoop is an open-source software library for storing and processing vast datasets across clusters of servers. It does this efficiently using distributed storage and parallel processing to manage big data better. 

12. What is a flat file? 

A flat file is a plain text file that doesn’t take up much space. It’s sometimes referred to as a text database and can be saved as a comma-separated value (CSV) file or a delimited flat file. Because they don’t take up much space, they work well for transferring data. Many applications require flat files when importing data. 

13. What types of relationships exist in a database? 

Databases contain four types of relationships: one-to-one, one-to-many, many-to-one, and many-to-many. These are associations between tables created to join statements that retrieve data. There can be only one record on each side of the relationship for both tables. Each of the primary key values relates to only one record or no records in the table related to it. 

14. What are some advantages of using SQL? 

SQL has several advantages, which is why it’s so widely used. It eliminates the need for coding, making databases easier and simpler to manage, which results in faster query processing. SQL is considered easy to learn and is a standard language supported by most database management systems. 

15. What is the difference between SQL and No SQL? 

Standard query language (SQL) is used in relational databases. These are vertically scalable and use predefined schema. 

Use NoSQL in distributed or non-relational databases. These databases are horizontally scalable and use dynamic schemas for unstructured data. Though SQL is more versatile, it’s also more restrictive. 

Read more on the differences between SQL and NoSQL databases. 

Looking for more interview support? 

How’d you do? Need a refresher on any of these topics? Our Design Databases with PostgreSQL covers how to create a database from scratch and optimize a database. You’ll also learn best practices for database design. And our Learn SQL course is a great place to start if you need to brush up on SQL.  

For extra interview resources, check out our guide to the technical interview, and be sure to read our tips for answering behavioral interview questions. You can also visit our Career Center for more job-hunting support. 

If you’re looking for ways to break into this industry, check out our tips on how to land a Database Administrator role, and if you’re new to the field, you can read up on what a Database Administrator does.  

Looking for additional classes to take to add to your skillset? Check out our full catalog of courses.

Knowledge of shell scripting is required in many technical jobs, including roles in DevOps, network engineering, cybersecurity, software engineering, and systems administration. And when you’re applying for a job that’ll use shell scripting, you could very well be asked shell scripting questions during your technical interviews. One of the best ways to prepare for these questions is to practice answering them in a mock interview.  

You can ask a friend or family member to play the role of the interviewer and ask you questions that might come up during your interview. This allows you to practice answering questions out loud in front of another person. If you’re interviewing remotely, consider doing your mock interview remotely as well. This way you’ll practice in an environment that’s similar to how your real interview will be conducted. And you can always practice answering questions out loud on your own if someone isn’t available for your mock interview.   

To help you prepare, here are 15 shell scripting interview questions you might be asked in a technical interview. 

1. What is a shell? 

A shell is a command-line interpreter between either a user or an application and the operating system’s kernel. The kernel manages and controls access to the computer’s resources and hardware. The shell is a layer on top of the kernel that communicates with the kernel to send commands to the hardware. 

2. What is a shell script? 

A shell script is simply a series of shell commands in a plain text file executed sequentially to accomplish a task. Shell scripts allow users to store these commands so they can be run again. 

3. What are some popular types of shells? 

• Bourne Shell (sh): the original UNIX shell and the default for Solaris OS. 
• C Shell (csh): a shell program that uses C syntax. 

• Korn Shell (ksh): a Unix-based, high-level shell program. 
• Bourne Again Shell (bash): an open-source shell program found on all Linux-based systems. 

4. What is a shebang in a shell script? 

A shebang is a hash sign (#) followed by an exclamation point (!) and a string that represents the location of the program that will execute it. For example, the following shebang means the script should be run with Bourne Again Shell: 

#!/bin/bash  

By adding a shebang, you can execute a shell script by calling the file without adding the location of the shell to the command. 

5. How do you pass and access arguments in a shell script? 

You can pass arguments to a shell script to the script by listing them after the name of the script, like this: 

./my_script.sh arg1 arg2  

Then you can access them in the script with a dollar sign and a number that indicates the argument’s location, like this: 

$1 # =arg1 $2 # =arg2  

6. What does $# do in a shell script? 

This is a global variable in a shell script that gives you the count of the arguments passed to it. 

7. How do you print to the terminal in a shell script? 

You can print to the command line using echo.  

echo "this will print"  

You can also use tput, which gives you options to change the color of the text and add other text effects to the output. 

8. How do you define a variable in a shell script? 

To define a variable in a shell script, you use the equal sign, and to access the variable, you add a dollar sign to the name you gave the variable. It looks like this: 

var = "my_variable" echo $var # prints my_variable  

9. How do you print the output of a shell script to a file? 

You use a greater than sign (>) and the output file in your command after the script file name, like this: 

./myscript.sh > outputfile.txt  

10. What command will display the contents of a file? 

The cat command will output the contents of a file. The following command reads one file and then uses the greater than sign to print the results to another file. 

cat text1.txt > text2.txt  

11. What does a dot (.) mean at the beginning of a file, and how would you list that file? 

The dot indicates that the file is hidden. Using the standard ls command to list the files in a directory won’t list hidden files. To show them in the list, you have to add the -a option to the command, like this: 

ls -a ./mydirectory  

12. What types of loops can you use in a shell script? 

The three types of loops you can use in a shell script are For, While, and Until. The For Loop loops through a list of items. The While Loop executes a loop while a condition returns true and exits once it’s false. The Until Loop executes a loop while a condition is false and exits once it is true. 

13. What is a break statement used for? 

A break statement is used to exit a loop. It’s usually used with an if statement to check a condition when the loop should be exited early. 

14. How do you determine which shell you’re currently using? 

You can do this by echoing the $SHELL variable, with this command: 

echo $SHELL # prints /bin/bash  

15. How do you determine which types of shells you have available on your system? 

You can do this with the following command: 

cat /etc/shells  

This will output a list of shells like the following: 

/bin/sh /bin/bash /bin/csh /bin/ksh  

More shell scripting interview help 

If you need a refresher, our beginner-friendly Learn the Command Line course covers the ins and outs of using the text-based interface of your computer so you can use it with increased speed and efficiency. If you already know the command line well, then our Learn Bash Scripting course will teach you shell scripting using Bourne Again Shell, one of the most popular versions of shell. 

For more interview prep, read our guide on how to ace your technical interview, advice for the whiteboard interview, and tips on answering behavioral interview questions. If you are doing a virtual interview, check out our Zoom interview tips.  

Our Career Center offers more job-hunting resources, from resume-writing tips to networking advice. And if you’re interested in learning a new skill, you can check out all the courses we offer in our course catalog.