Teenagers weigh in on why young people are reporting record levels of hopelessness.
What’s Going On in This Graph? | March 8, 2023
What do you notice and wonder about the location and number of derailed train cars? What do you wonder about derailments?
Delayed and Immediate Feedback in the Classroom: The Results Aren’t What Students Think!
Experiment 1 Results
Students in the delayed feedback condition performed better on the exams than students in the “immediate” feedback condition. The difference was about 8%, or the difference between earning a B and an A. However, students’ perceptions did not match the exam results. The students that received the delayed feedback really didn’t like it. They either thought it did not help them learn or even thought it hurt their learning. Students who got the more immediate feedback liked it and thought it helped them.
Experiment 2
Mullet and colleagues conducted a second experiment to replicate the results from the first and made a couple of small changes. Experiment 2 was largely the same as Experiment 1, but there were two important changes. The first was that they manipulated the timing of feedback within students. On some homework assignments, students received “immediate” feedback (i.e., it was available immediately after the due date), and on others, they received delayed feedback. Manipulating the timing of feedback in this way allowed the researchers to see how students compare the two types of feedback after they have experienced both. Perhaps after experiencing both types of feedback, they will realize that the delayed feedback was actually better for their learning and subsequent exam performance.
The second change was that they manipulated the feedback requirement. Some students were required to review the feedback for course credit, like in Experiment 1. However, for some students, viewing the feedback was optional.
Experiment 2 Results
The results from Experiment 2 were very similar to those from Experiment 1, even with some methodological changes! Here is a summary of their results:
Delayed feedback led to better exam performance than “immediate” feedback. This was true even when the feedback was optional!
Overall, requiring feedback led to better exam performance than making the feedback optional.
Students still report that the immediate feedback feels like it is helping them whereas the delayed feedback feels like it is hurting them, even when they experience both in the course. In fact, 79% said they benefited a lot more from the immediate feedback.
This paper joins a number of other papers showing delayed feedback is beneficial. The finding is good news, practically, for teachers. Relax! There’s no need to rush to get feedback to students, and they will benefit from the extra time it often takes. However, you may have to convince your students that this is benefitting them. I will say, as a teacher, learning scientist, and someone who is always trying to learn myself, it is sort of annoying that our intuitions about what helps us learn are so often wrong!
References
(1) Mullet, H. G., Butler, A. C., Berdin, B., von Borries, R., & Marsh, E. J. (2014). Delaying feedback promotes transfer of knowledge despite student preferences to receive feedback immediately. Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition, 3, 222-229. http://doi.org/10.1016.j.jarmac.2014.05.001
Word of the Day: usurp
This word has appeared in 33 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year. Can you use it in a sentence?
Our 10th Annual Student Editorial Contest
We invite students to write opinion pieces on the issues that matter to them. Contest dates: March 15 to April 12, 2023.
Coursera welcomes new partner Genentech and launches new entry-level certificates
By Marni Baker Stein, Chief Content Officer at Coursera
Over the past five years, 37% of the top skills in the average US job have been replaced. To help learners around the world keep up with this rapidly changing skills landscape, we’re pleased to roll out new content from our industry partners on Coursera.
This quarter, we welcomed Genentech as a new industry partner launching content built upon decades of experience in the field of biotech. We also introduced two new entry-level Professional Certificates from Goodwill and IBM that prepare learners of all backgrounds for growing job roles.
Welcoming new industry partner Genentech
Making Data Science Work for Clinical Reporting course from Genentech
Genentech, a member of the Roche Group, has been a leader in biotechnology for more than 40 years. This intermediate course takes about 11 hours to complete and helps learners understand how principles and methods from data science can be applied in clinical reporting. Learners should come to the course with basic experience working with data science tools, such as R or Python, and version control tools, ideally Git.
“We at Genentech are really excited about what this course represents. The pharmaceutical industry is not always associated with data science, and Genentech is keen to change that perception. This course will help learners understand what reporting on clinical trials actually looks like, and how modern data science tools and techniques can be used effectively in this space. By the end of the course learners should have a firm grasp of how to apply best practice in data science in the context of clinical reporting.” – Dr. Kieran Martin, R Enablement Lead, Genentech
Launching new entry-level certificates from Goodwill and IBM
Learners of all backgrounds – no college degree or prior industry experience required – can take an entry-level Professional Certificate on Coursera to prepare for an in-demand career within just a few months.
Career Coach and Navigator Professional Certificate from Goodwill®
Learners can prepare for an entry-level career coach or career navigator role with this beginner-level certificate. Throughout four courses, learners explore career coaching fundamentals, key tools and methods used by coaches, and how technology trends are impacting the career landscape more broadly. The certificate can be completed in about four months with four hours of coursework per week.
“Goodwill provides career services to help individuals facing barriers reach their potential through the power of work. Employers in local communities find Goodwill to be a trusted source for talent. The Goodwill Career Coach and Navigator Professional Certificate not only benefits career services professionals and employers, but most importantly it is a game changer for the individual they both serve, by opening access to opportunity.” – Martin Scaglione, Chief Mission Officer, Goodwill Industries International
Back-End Development Professional Certificate from IBM
In this beginner, ten-course program, learners can develop the hands-on skills, tools, and portfolio needed to enter an entry-level, back-end developer role. It covers key languages and concepts such as Python, Django, Kubernetes, Microservices, Serverless, and more. Taught by IBM experts, the certificate can be completed in under 6 months with 10 hours of coursework per week.
“Back-end development is the foundation upon which the entire web is built and where the real magic happens. We are excited to have launched the IBM Back-End Development Professional on Coursera to provide practical knowledge needed to create powerful and dynamic server-side experiences for Web and Mobile apps.” – Rav Ahuja, Global Program Director, IBM Skills Network
Create a free Coursera account and start learning today.
10 Women In Tech On The Best Career Advice They Received
Career advice doesn’t have to come from the pages of a self-help business book or a high-profile CEO’s TED Talk to be useful — in fact, the most memorable advice often comes from unexpected sources, like a brief coffee chat with your work bestie, a reassuring Slack message from your team leader, or even the lyrics of a Beyoncé song.
For women who work in tech, there’s power in getting feedback and recommendations from other women who have been in your shoes. Despite incremental progress toward gender equality in the tech industry, women still only make up about 28% of the tech workforce.
In honor of Women’s History Month, we asked women in the Codecademy community to share the best career advice they ever received. Read on to learn the practical and refreshing pointers that helped women in the tech industry thrive.
Remember to negotiate
The advice: “Always negotiate [your salary], even if you think the amount is final. I’ve always negotiated when getting a new role, and I’ve always ended up getting a higher amount than the initial offer. In the past, I’ve felt worried that they would rescind the offer or be upset, but that never happened! I realized my fear was standing in my way. Plus, it’s a great way to practice advocating for yourself. Remember, you’re worth it!” – Sarai Fernandez, Codecademy Domain Manager, Computer Science & Cybersecurity
How to do it: Negotiating your salary can be nerve-wracking, but think of it as an opportunity to ask for what you’re worth. Even in fields like technology, the gender wage gap exists. The latest Census Bureau data found that women earned $0.83 to every dollar earned by men — and the gap is even wider for women of color. Not sure what to say when it comes time? Read this blog for some examples of lines you can use when you’re negotiating your salary.

Face your fears
The advice: “Fear won’t take you anywhere beyond where you stand. Sometimes we feel sad or scared because things are not going how we want them to — but what are you doing to change that? Do you want to work at a big company? Well, what about applying for the job? Do you want to change your role? Instead of thinking about it, start a course about your new interests! Do you want a role upgrade? Talk to your boss! Not sure how to do certain projects? Speak up! Knowledge problems can be solved by learning; fear is solved by facing it.” – Laura Guette, Multimedia Engineer
How to do it: Learning a new skill is empowering and can help you grow in your career. If you’re ready to take the next step — whether that’s enrolling in a course or taking on a new project — be sure to check out the new and improved Codecademy plans. The new Codecademy Plus plan, for example, is ideal for folks who are working towards a promotion or who want to build specialized skills, because you can build your own roadmap based on your goals. Take a look at the whole Codecademy course catalog to get inspired.
Apologize sparingly
The advice: “As a woman early in my career, I never realized how much I apologized — even for things that I wasn’t responsible for or weren’t in my control. My boss at the time gave me the feedback that I didn’t need to continually fall on the sword for my team and others. She shared how she did the same thing, and as a woman we can often use it to keep everyone happy. I didn’t need to say, ‘Sorry,’ instead I needed to think about how I would work with the resources I had to find a solution. There is of course a time and place to take accountability, but I never realized how much I was using it as a catch-all for any problem. Now I realize the power of being solution-focused and direct.” – Britney Russ, Codecademy Director of Product Management
How to do it: If you’re an over-apologizer, there are lots of other useful phrases you can use in place of “sorry.” For example, “I appreciate your patience” or “I’d like to add.”

Stay consistent
The advice: “Consistency is the only way to achieve your goal.” – Ankita Choudhury, Student
“Consistency is the key.” – Roseline Aderemi, Data Analyst Instructor
How to do it: It’s not surprising that multiple people emphasized the importance of consistency in tech careers. No matter where you are in your coding journey, it’s important to find ways to make coding a habit. Set a realistic goal for yourself, and choose your weekly learning target (find this in the “My Home” section when you’re logged in to Codecademy) to stay accountable. Not sure where to start? Here are some bite-sized coding goals to consider setting for yourself.
Make sure your voice is heard
The advice: “Learn the phrases: ‘I haven’t finished speaking’ and ‘Yes, I understand that,’ and use them.” – Megan McCoy, Codecademy Project Manager
How to do it: File away these concise and clear phrases the next time you feel like you’re being interrupted, talked over, or just plain ignored. Communication research has shown that women are interrupted more frequently than men.
Track the impact of your accomplishments
The advice: “The best career advice I’ve ever received is to always remember to track the impact of my accomplishments, to ensure that there’s a way for me to measure the success of what I do. This is constantly helpful during annual performance evaluations.” – Jennica Econg, Product Manager
How to do it: Keeping a running log of your accomplishments at work is an awesome way to make sure that your individual contributions are not overlooked. Check out this article for tips on creating and maintaining a “hype document.”

Make your own luck
The advice: “I reference this TED Talk all the time, because it shatters the idea that ‘luck’ just happens to people. Luck does happen, but in this talk, [engineering professor Tina Seelig] equates luck to ‘the wind,’ and ‘the sails’ are your actions that invite luck in. For instance, talking to a stranger creates a new connection that ultimately benefits you both in the end.” – Sil Lavers, Codecademy UX Researcher
How to do it: Do something small that stretches you outside of your comfort zone, like introducing yourself to someone whose career you admire, or offering to present in a meeting.
Think in possibilities
The advice: “This advice reminds me to let go of my insecurities and not think of my limitations, feeling unsuccessful, and that I will fail. It helps me think positively and not be shaped by prejudice on background, gender, and education.” – Emi Stockx, aspiring JavaScript Developer
How to do it: Most of us are familiar with impostor syndrome, or feelings of self-doubt regarding your capabilities and achievements. This phenomenon is even more common among people who have underrepresented identities, like people of color and women, according to the American Psychological Association. If you find yourself stuck in a cycle of self-doubt, there are lots of strategies that can help you overcome impostor syndrome, like connecting with other people or finding ways to acknowledge your successes.
Don’t doubt your qualifications
“If you have 50% of what they ask for in the [job] ad, you can apply for the job.” – Emelie Wänstedt, UX Designer, in response to an invitation from Codecademy for people to share their personal experiences on Facebook
How to do it: Deciding to submit your application for a job opening can take a lot of courage — and research has shown that women often won’t apply for a job unless they meet 100% of the qualifications listed. Women apply to 20% fewer jobs than men, and are 16% less likely to apply to a position they view, according to a LinkedIn Gender Insights Report. If you’re job hunting and questioning whether or not you have enough experience to be considered for a role, read this blog for tips from a tech recruiter.
Be sure to check out the Codecademy blog for even more advice on how to have a fulfilling career in tech, interviews with people who have cool coding jobs, stories about Codecademy learners who launched new careers, and more.
7 Empowering Books About Women in Tech To Read Next
March is Women’s History Month, where we celebrate and pay tribute to the women who’ve played a vital role throughout American history. Within the tech industry, women have always been at the forefront of innovation and progress — although nowadays, women make up only 28% of the tech industry workforce.
To shed some light on the unique challenges that women face in the tech industry, we’ve compiled a list of book recommendations about women working in tech over the years. From a biography of a woman cryptanalyst during World War II, to a memoir from a software engineer in Silicon Valley during the dotcom boom, there are so many moving stories to add to your want-to-read list.
Reading these books will help you better understand tech’s “herstory,” and hopefully inspire you to work towards gender equality in your own professional life.

Part memoir, part collection of essays, veteran programmer Ellen Ullman’s most recent book paints a vivid picture of what it was like to be a woman engineer during the early days of the dotcom boom. Life in Code is packed with fascinating anecdotes (like the time the Google co-founders offered Ellen a job at a party and she turned it down) and meaningful reflections about the power of programming. BTW, if you haven’t read her hit 1997 book Close to the Machine, you should definitely add that one to your list, too! Buy it here.

Learn about the history of the internet through the lens of the pioneering women who built it. From the 19th century to present day, the book Broad Band spotlights women who had a lasting impact on the internet, like Ada Lovelace, Grace Hopper, and the ENIAC Six. You don’t have to be a history buff to appreciate this fascinating collection of stories. Buy it here.

Whether you’re an engineering apprentice or are managing a team of developers for the first time, you’ll find workplace wisdom in this book by Raji Rajagopalan, Director of Engineering at Microsoft. Raji shares stories about her own experience being a first-generation immigrant in America and navigating being a woman of color in tech. She also shares practical advice that helped her along the way — like how to cope with public speaking nerves and get better at storytelling. Buy it here.

You might remember seeing the news headlines about Ellen Pao in 2015, and the gender discrimination lawsuit she filed against her employer, a prominent venture capital firm in Silicon Valley. The case was a lightning rod for discussions about sexism within tech. In this book, Ellen, who is the former CEO of Reddit, shares her story about being a woman of color and whistleblower in a predominantly white male industry. Buy it here.

Though it was published nearly a decade ago, this powerful book of essays and first-person anecdotes written by women in STEM is still relevant today. Each chapter is a separate crowd-sourced essay by a woman whose work involves innovation and entrepreneurship, including some big names in tech, like Megan Smith, former Google VP and Chief Technology Officer of the United States, Kim Polese, who was the founding product manager for Java, and Silicon Valley venture capitalist Heidi Roizer. Innovating Women sheds important light on the meaningful contributions women have made in the tech industry, while also acknowledging the realities of gender bias. Buy it here.

If you’re learning about data science or working towards a career in data science, this book is a must-read. Invisible Women breaks down all of the ways in which gender bias and discrimination against women is ingrained in data that drives crucial decisions in our modern world. Though the findings are eye-opening (and downright maddening), reading this book will motivate you to pay attention to diversity in datasets that you interact with in your own work. Buy it here.

This is a fascinating true story about Elizebeth Smith, a woman who went from studying languages and Shakespeare to becoming America’s first female cryptanalyst. Elizabeth was highly skilled in “code-breaking,” which is a process of decrypting code or cipher messages to uncover hidden information. She worked as a cryptanalyst during both World Wars, and went on to work for the U.S. Navy, Treasury, Coast Guard, and Army. Buy it here.
Want even more tech books? Codecademy has tons of recommendations for riveting and useful reads. Check out this list of tech books written by Black authors, books that make great gifts for technologists, and more.
6 Programming Languages You Didn’t Know Were Invented By Women
The origin stories of popular programming languages are practically lore in the tech world. You can probably recognize the names of notable programming language inventors throughout history, like Guido van Rossum who created Python, Ruby’s chief designer Matz, or Bjarne Stroustrup, the brain behind C++. But you may not realize that a handful of programming languages were created by women programmers.
In the early days of modern computing, women dominated the programming field. Computer programming — which involved a lot of math, planning, and attention to detail — was viewed as secretarial work, and therefore believed to be better suited for women. Over time, tech became a male-dominated field, and nowadays, women only make up about 28% of the tech workforce.
To celebrate Women’s History Month, we’re taking a look back on the lesser-known (but equally impressive) programming languages that were created by women, and exploring how the contributions of these women impacted the languages and technologies we know and use today. Whether you’re looking for a programming language to learn next, or you want to pay tribute to women in tech who’ve paved the way, here are the languages you should know about.
ARC assembly language
In the late ‘40s, British mathematician and programmer Kathleen Booth wrote the first assembly language for a computing system she helped build called ARC (Automatic Relay Calculator). An assembly language is a low-level programming language used to directly correspond with machine code. (BTW, you can learn all about assembly languages and the role they play in computer architecture in our course Computer Architecture: Assembly Language.)
Kathleen was ahead of her time; she started researching neural networks and natural language processing in the ‘50s, and she wrote textbooks about programming. We love what she wrote about programming in a 1958 book: “The technique for programming can be acquired by anyone with a capacity for accurate detailed thinking, and a talent for solving puzzles.”,” she wrote in the instructional book Programming for an Automatic Digital Calculator.
FLOW-MATIC
Grace Hopper was an iconic American computer scientist and United States Navy Admiral who developed FLOW-MATIC, which was one of the first data-processing languages. FLOW-MATIC ran on the UNIVAC, one of the OG general-purpose commercial computers.
FLOW-MATIC was considered revolutionary in 1955, because it used English-like statements to solve data problems. This was an intentional part of the design, because Grace wanted to make working with computers accessible to the average person. “What I was after in beginning English language [programming] was to bring another whole group of people able to use the computer easily,” she said in a 1980 interview. “I kept calling for more user-friendly languages. Most of the stuff we get from academicians, computer science people, is in no way adapted to people.”
Even professional programmers benefited from its natural language-based syntax. A 1957 promotional brochure for FLOW-MATIC highlights the language’s simplicity and efficiency, reading: “Your skilled programmers are freed from clerical drudgery to do more creative work.”
Learn something new for free
COBOL
COBOL is short for “Common Business Oriented Language,” because it was a high-level programming language that was meant to be used as a business tool. COBOL had an easy-to-read syntax so that non-programmers could figure out how to use it, and it was largely based on FLOW-MATIC.
COBOL was designed in 1959 by a committee of software developers that included a few women: Jean E. Sammet, Mary Hawes, Betty Holberton, and Nora Taylor. Grace Hopper advised the committee that created COBOL, but she’s often miscredited for creating the language. “I yield to no one in my admiration for Grace,” Jean, a software engineer on the COBOL committee, said. “But she was not the mother, creator or developer of COBOL.”
COBOL is still used today, particularly by banking institutions and federal agencies. In fact, at the start of the Covid pandemic, there was a demand for developers who understood COBOL and could work on the legacy databases that the government uses to manage unemployment benefits.
BASIC
Sister Mary Kenneth Keller was a nun and the first American woman to receive a PhD in computer science. Sr. Mary got her start studying computers in 1958 at the National Science Foundation at Dartmouth College, which was an all-male school at the time. There, she worked on the team of computer scientists that developed BASIC, short for Beginners’ All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code.
BASIC was designed to be “precise, simple, and easy to understand,” so that students at Dartmouth could learn how to use computers, according to a 1963 BASIC manual. When home computers became ubiquitous in the ‘70s and ‘80s, BASIC was the go-to language among computer enthusiasts and professional software developers. In 1975, a computer hobbyist named Bill Gates wrote a version of BASIC that would eventually lead to the founding of Microsoft.
CLU
Barbara Liskov led the team of students at MIT that designed the programming language CLU in 1973. At the time, “there were 10 women on the faculty out of a faculty of a thousand,” Barbara said in a 2022 interview with the IEEE Computer Society.
CLU, which is short for “cluster,” was the first language to introduce object-oriented programming, a software development paradigm that involves creating programs around named classes and objects. CLU inspired many of the languages that are widely used today, including Python, Ruby, C++, and Lua.
Want to learn how object-oriented programming works in a hands-on way? We cover this paradigm in lots of courses, including Learn Java: Object-Oriented Programming, Learn Intermediate Python 3: Object-Oriented Programming, and Learn C#.
Logo
In 1966, way before there were toys and apps that introduced young kids coding concepts, MIT computer scientist Cynthia Solomon started creating “a place where kids could play with words and sentences — explore mathematics, write stories, [and] make games,” she wrote. This would eventually become Logo, a programming language and learning environment for coding that’s tailored to kids.
The first version of Logo was a robotic turtle that kids could move by typing commands into a computer; eventually the turtle became a graphic object on a screen. Logo’s simple, English-like commands direct the turtle to move across the screen and draw shapes, teaching coding concepts along the way.
Check out this very old school Logo demo to see it in action:
Logo was a popular product for kids in the ‘80s who wanted to explore computing. You can see Logo’s impact on educational technology that we use today, like the coding community Scratch or the visual programming editor Blockly. In our course Learn to Code with Blockly, you can learn the basics of programming using drag and drop commands.
Feeling inspired to learn a new programming language or stretch your coding knowledge? Start by taking our course Choosing a Programming Language to learn about the differences and similarities across popular programming languages, then explore the rest of the courses and paths in our catalog.
Free March 2023 Wallpaper & Instagram quote

Free March 2023 wallpaper is here!
Winter is almost over, so it’s time to welcome spring with bold colors and vibrant flowers. This bright wallpaper is all about mixing styles, pastels, and neons to keep you positive through the last winter days.
Each wallpaper download from March 2023 includes the following:
- Desktop wallpaper x3 (plain, with the calendar, and with a quote)
- Phone wallpaper x3 (plain, with the calendar and with a quote)
- Tablet wallpaper
- Instagram ready quote
New in 2023!
Starting in February, monthly wallpapers come now with three mobile versions – with a calendar and quote for your lock screen and a darker one to use as a matching background. One of you has requested this option (Thank you, Linsey!), and I’m more than happy to add it. If you have any other ideas about what we can add or change in monthly wallpapers, let us know in the comments or contact us via the contact page.

Quote for March 2023
March is not only the beginning of spring. On March 8th, we celebrate International women’s day, which is hugely celebrated in my country. I wanted to reflect that in this month’s wallpaper so this month’s quote is all about girls dreams!

Little girls with dreams, become women with vision
P.S the square image is also included in the download package below! Feel free to post it on your Instagram.

Looking for more? Check our previous wallpapers!
The free download includes three desktop options – one with the calendar and one without the calendar, and one with a quote. There is also a wallpaper for tablets and three options for the phone. We have also included an Instagram-ready square with the weekly quote.

FOR PERSONAL USE ONLY.
NOTE: This wallpaper is available as a free download through March 31, 2023 only. After that, a $5 download fee applies.
What font is it?
If you are curious about what font I’m using this month, let me help! The script part was written using Noera, which has funny script shapes. I would love to use it more, but with such a bold look it steels the show, so I need to be very cautious using it. For the rest of the text I used classic – Bodoni Sans
Your voice matters!
If you have your favorite quotes and would like them to appear on the next free wallpaper, make sure to post them in the comments below or send us your ideas via email.
Enjoy!
P.S This post includes affiliate links so by clicking them you are supporting us. Thanks!







