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Should Schools Require Students to Get the Coronavirus Vaccine?

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Should Schools Require Students to Get the Coronavirus Vaccine?

Were you required to receive certain vaccinations, such as those for protection against chickenpox or measles, before attending school or summer camp? Do you believe it is important for schools to require vaccinations like these to keep all students safe? Or do you think it should be up to individual families to decide?

In “Los Angeles Mandates Vaccines for Students 12 and Older,” Dana Goldstein writes about the school district’s decision to require coronavirus vaccines and how families have reacted:

Los Angeles is the first major school district in the United States to mandate coronavirus vaccines for students 12 and older who are attending class in person.

With the Delta variant ripping across the country, the district’s Board of Education voted, 6-0, to pass the measure on Thursday afternoon. The Los Angeles Unified School District is the second largest in the nation, and the mandate would eventually apply to more than 460,000 students, including some enrolled at independent charter schools located in district buildings.

The interim superintendent, Megan Reilly, said at Thursday’s board meeting that student vaccination was one way to ensure that the district’s classrooms would be able to remain open. Los Angeles had some of the country’s most extended school closures last year.

Speaking about a 12th-grade athlete whom she met during a vaccination drive, Ms. Reilly said, “We owe this child his senior year.”

Los Angeles already has a strict vaccine mandate for teachers and staff members, and the new student mandate will further increase the safety of the classroom. But it is also likely to be more divisive, with far-reaching educational repercussions.

According to the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, 58 percent of 12- to 18-year-olds living within the district’s boundaries have already received at least one dose of a vaccine. But polls show that many parents are hesitant to vaccinate their children against the coronavirus, raising the question of how many families will keep their children home to learn online or transfer them to schools that do not require the shots.

Leaving the classroom again could be debilitating for some students. When virtual learning was widespread last academic year, millions of children fell behind academically; the impact was largest on low-income students and students of color.

Ms. Goldstein goes on to write that not everyone is in support of the vaccine mandates:

Vaccine hesitancy in Los Angeles exists across a broad range of demographic and ideological groups, from affluent, largely white, liberal parents who oppose a range of mainstream childhood vaccination practices; to conservative activists who have specifically targeted the coronavirus vaccines; to low-income Black and Hispanic families who are wary of the medical establishment.

The article continues:

Some parents, however, are likely to oppose any mandate because no coronavirus vaccine for children ages 12 to 15 has received full government approval. The Food and Drug Administration has authorized the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine on an emergency basis for that age group and could potentially grant full approval this year. (No vaccine has been authorized in the United States for children younger than 12.)

Some public health experts and parents have raised concerns about a rare side effect of that vaccine, a heart condition called myocarditis that is known to disproportionately affect young men.

Angelica Ramos, 29, a mother of three public school students in the Baldwin Hills neighborhood of South Los Angeles, said she would either enroll her children in a charter school or home-school before vaccinating them. While she takes the pandemic seriously and supports masking, she said, she is concerned about side effects and said most of the parents she knew felt similarly.

“It shouldn’t be mandatory,” she said. “It should be our decision.”

Students, read the entire article, then tell us:

  • What is your reaction to the decision made by the Los Angeles Unified School District? Do you believe it is an important step in keeping students and teachers safe? Or do you think parents and caregivers should be the ones to make decisions about whether students receive vaccinations?

  • Do you think more schools should have vaccine mandates? Would you want your school district to enact a mandate for students to attend in person? Why or why not?

  • According to the article, “All 50 states mandate vaccines for school attendance, such as those that protect against polio, measles, mumps, rubella and chickenpox.” If that is the case, why do you think there is such resistance to requiring the coronavirus vaccine?

  • Los Angeles has chosen to require vaccinations, while providing a remote option for families that refuse them. Other districts, like New York City, have reopened schools for in-person learning without requiring vaccinations, but only offer limited online schooling for students with medical issues. Do you think one of these approaches is better than the other? If so, which one and why? What other options do you think schools should consider to keep students safe this school year?

  • Schools aren’t the only institutions that have started to require vaccines. President Biden recently moved to mandate vaccines for health care workers, federal contractors and a vast majority of federal workers, and to mandate that all companies with more than 100 workers require vaccinations or weekly testing.

    Supporters of this plan say vaccine mandates encourage more people to get vaccinated, in turn protecting the most vulnerable among us, including people with disabilities and children too young to be vaccinated. Opponents argue that it is government overreach and that individuals should be able to make decisions for themselves without risk of losing their jobs.

    What is your reaction to vaccine mandates across the public and private sectors? What are the benefits and limitations of requiring vaccinations? Are all arguments for and against such mandates equal? If not, which should we weigh more heavily?


Learn more about Student Opinion here and find all of our questions in this column. Teachers, see how you can incorporate this feature into your classroom routine here.

Students 13 and older in the United States and the United Kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public.

What Is Cybersecurity?

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What Is Cybersecurity?
What is cybersecurity?

Cybersecurity professionals protect computer systems and networks from bad actors who disrupt services or steal sensitive information. Their responsibilities typically include:

  • Educating a company’s stakeholders on the importance of cybersecurity and information security
  • Planning responses to cybersecurity breaches
  • Closing gaps in computer network security
  • Defending against various cyberattacks
  • Mitigating known vulnerabilities in software
  • Disaster recovery

Cybersecurity as a concept covers everything from network and application security to operational security and business continuity.

In this article, we’ll take a closer look at cybersecurity, what cybersecurity professionals do, common cyber threats and their various countermeasures, and more.

What are the preventive plans and measures involved in cybersecurity?

Cyberattacks use several methods to penetrate vulnerabilities in computer networks. Some of the most common include:

  • Bypassing user authentication or passwords
  • Preventing a computer network or system from working
  • Eavesdropping on network communications to gather intelligence
  • Acquiring username, password, and financial information through “phishing”
  • Installing malware that can take over a computer system and give control to the attacker
  • Using “spoofing” or social engineering (similar to phishing) to pose as an authorized user or otherwise infiltrate a network
  • Exploiting known vulnerabilities in software to gain access or privileges.

Cybersecurity professionals need to know how these methods work and stay up to date on them as they evolve to stay ahead of cyberattackers.

They also may educate their coworkers on the importance of cybersecurity and keep them informed of best practices. This can involve working with management to raise awareness, training employees, and establishing open internal communication to address issues as they come up.

Along with helping their companies understand the importance of cybersecurity, cybersecurity professionals also defend against cyberthreats with countermeasures like:

Security architecture

Security architecture is the framework for security controls, including the design of how various components work together in a security system.

Security measures

Security measures are used to prevent, detect, and respond to threats in a computer system. This is done through user account controls, firewalls, and detection systems.

Some security measures have started using big data platforms to make data more accessible while keeping it secure. Others use machine learning to detect cybersecurity threats.

Management and reduction of vulnerabilities

Cybersecurity professionals can achieve this by scanning computer systems to find open ports, unsecured software, and gaps susceptible to malware. Sometimes these are tested by outside auditors.

Protection of hardware

There are several methods used to protect hardware, including:

  • Using computer case switches that detect when a case is opened
  • Applying cryptography to access devices
  • Hard drive locks
  • Disconnecting peripherals
  • Implementing two-factor authentication

Security of operating systems

Securing operating systems can be achieved by following standards like ISO/IEC 15408. Plus, the National Institute of Standards and Technology has a cybersecurity framework for constant monitoring to prevent malicious code from spreading.

Access control lists and training

This involves setting permissions for access to computer systems and education about issues like password strength and keeping sensitive data or attachments out of emails.

When employees take these measures, they defend themselves and their computer systems from getting infected with computer viruses.

What’s the difference between cybersecurity and information security?

You can’t have information security without cybersecurity. Cybersecurity professionals protect computer systems and the information they contain. Think of them as the outer layer of protection of companies’ and organizations’ information.

On the other hand, information security is about making sure data is correct and accurate. It also involves managing access to data and ensuring it’s available to those who need it.

The difference between information security and cybersecurity is that system breaches aren’t always the reason for data issues. Sometimes they’re caused by human error or other faults.

How do cybersecurity professionals respond to issues?

If the measures listed above fail to prevent a data breach or system failure, it’s a cybersecurity professional’s job to minimize damage. After confirming that a security issue has occurred, they need to develop a plan of action and notify anyone who might’ve been affected.

To resolve a cybersecurity issue, a cybersecurity professional may take any of the following steps:

  • Containing or isolating affected systems
  • Wiping out the attack, which can include removing malware and affected systems, as well as kicking cyber intruders out of the systems
  • Restoring the affected systems and data

In short, cybersecurity involves:

  • Analyzing cybersecurity issues
  • Finding their causes
  • Evaluating the effectiveness of your response
  • Updating response plans accordingly

What are some job titles in cybersecurity?

As you can see, cybersecurity can be pretty complicated. As a result, there are many roles within the field — each with its own responsibilities. At the upper levels, you have:

  • Chief Information Security Officers
  • Chief Security Officers
  • Data Protection Officers

People in these roles manage information and cybersecurity staff. They also ensure compliance with data protection regulations, policies, training, and audits.

At a lower level, you have:

These professionals analyze issues in systems, develop new and better ways to protect them, and ensure that cybersecurity operations run smoothly.

How much do cybersecurity professionals make?

On average, salary expectations for cybersecurity professionals in the U.S. range between $74,807 and $100,473. Still, as in most industries, you’ll earn more as you gain more experience. Research shows that C-level cybersecurity professionals can earn as much as $420,000.

The competitive salaries for cybersecurity professionals are due to the rising demand for their skills. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, the demand for professionals in the field will rise by 31% by 2029.

How to get into cybersecurity with no experience

Now that you have a working knowledge of the fundamentals of cybersecurity, ready to enter the field? With its rising demand and competitive salary expectations, a career in cybersecurity can be lucrative — even if you don’t have any experience.

First, you’ll need to learn one of the programming languages used in cybersecurity. These languages include:

In our forums, one of our Curriculum Developers, Carolyn Y., explains why learning these languages is so important:

“We call Python a high-level language because it abstracts away the direct communication with parts of the computer. C and C++, on the other hand, are low-level languages that directly access RAM and system processes. Advanced, more precise malware is often written in C/C++, so they are important to become familiar with to keep up with hackers.

For web security, knowing JavaScript and how HTML works is key. JavaScript is the language that powers the web experience and now has a place in every part of the stack. Learning JavaScript gives you an understanding of how vulnerabilities in a web application can be targeted by cross-site scripting attacks. You can identify where a hacker might be able to modify site elements and manipulate event handlers or forms.”

Along with the languages listed above, Carolyn also recommends learning SQL for the language’s use in database security and PHP to defend against DDOS (distributed denial of service) attacks.

Lastly, you can take our introduction to cybersecurity course to learn more about its fundamentals and best practices. Not sure where to start? Take our quiz and take your first step down a new path.


Cybersecurity Courses & Tutorials | Codecademy

Cybersecurity is a fast-growing field that addresses the security risks of our increasingly connected digital world. Learn cybersecurity, and you will learn how users, companies, and even governments protect themselves and recover from, cyber threats and attacks. Start defending yourself, or your or…

What Is a Progressive Web Application?

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What Is a Progressive Web Application?
What Is a Progressive Web Application?

Progressive web applications (or PWAs) are gaining popularity as smoother, more streamlined alternatives to native apps. But what exactly is a PWA, and why do Front-End Developers love them so much?

In this article, we’ll explore the answers to these questions as well as how to get started with learning to develop a PWA.

What is a progressive web app?

A progressive web app is a kind of application software that’s designed to work on standard browsers like Chrome, Safari, Firefox, and Edge.

Basically, PWAs look and feel like a “normal” app that you’d download to your phone or tablet. But, they’re accessed through your browser, so they’re developed using HTML, CSS, and JavaScript rather than more traditional app-development languages like Swift or Kotlin.

As you can imagine, there are some big drawbacks to browser-based web apps, such as the need to stay connected to the internet. PWAs allow developers to overcome some of these disadvantages to create apps that combine the ease of web apps with the seamless experience of an installed native app.

What key principles make an app a PWA?

Think of PWAs as an approach to creating apps rather than a specific app technology or programming language. Below are some key principles that developers follow when creating a PWA.

Discoverability

PWAs are fully accessible within a web browser and can be found using a search engine. Note that this isn’t the same as searching for a native app using a search engine, which leads you to a page to install the app rather than the app itself.

Some PWAs are discoverable on app stores like the Google Play Store or Apple’s App Store, but this isn’t a defining principle of PWAs. In fact, many PWA developers prefer to avoid the approval process and contractual requirements that come with adding an app to one of the app stores.

Installability

To bring a “native app feel” to a PWA, many developers allow their PWAs to be added to a device’s home screen for easy access. This isn’t quite the same as installing a native app, which takes up storage space on the device. Instead, a PWA icon is more like a browser bookmark that takes you straight to the PWA site in your browser.

Rather than being a necessity, installing a PWA is a convenience for anyone who likes the app and wants to keep using it.

Linkability

Since PWAs live on the web, they can be accessed with a unique link. This makes them easy to share through messaging or social media without involving an app store or installation process.

Network independence

This is where PWAs really start to shine. One of the biggest disadvantages to browser-based content is that everything falls apart when there’s no internet connectivity. PWAs use a variety of tools to overcome this major obstacle and provide a better user experience when you’re in the subway or on Airplane Mode.

Using technologies like Service Workers, Cache API, and Web Storage API, PWAs can store app information that you’ve recently accessed. That way, if you navigate back to a previous page, you can see what you already loaded instead of getting the dreaded “currently offline” page. When you’ve connected again, PWAs can seamlessly update content and manage your network requests.

Re-engageability

Re-engageability is a fancy term for “notification and update support.” PWAs use tools such as Notifications API and Web Push API to update content in the background, so you’re always looking at the most up-to-date information when you pick up your device. Notification sounds, badges, and banners are also supported so that you know when there’s something new to review.

Responsive design

PWAs are designed to look great on various devices, including phones, tablets, and desktop browsers. The user interface can be automatically resized when you rotate your screen or change resolution.

Security

Have you ever looked for a particular app in an app store, only to find several apps that all look the same? Unless you’re ready to do some research, it can be hard to determine which app developers are the real deal and which ones are pushing look-alikes.

PWAs help clear up a lot of confusion because all apps are tied to a URL. So, it’s possible to apply the same rules for safe browsing to PWAs — sticking to those that use HTTPS protocol and incorporate the company’s official URL.

Why use a PWA?

By now, you’ve learned about the key features of PWAs — but don’t native apps have a lot of the same features? The answer is yes, but PWAs offer a few distinct advantages that make them so attractive.

No installation needed

While PWAs can be added to your device’s home screen, there’s no need to go through the download and installation process. As long as you have the PWA’s link, you can start using it immediately. This is particularly convenient if you only need a PWA temporarily or infrequently.

Lower storage requirements

Since PWAs live on the web, they take up far less room on your device than installed native apps. And, while many PWAs store information for offline access, they’re still far less space-intensive than comparable native apps. For example, Starbucks offers a PWA that’s over 99% smaller than its native iOS app.

Instant updates

The best thing about PWA updates is that you never have to worry about them. Rather than downloading and installing updates, PWAs are updated as soon as you refresh the page.

More app interaction

The result of all of the above advantages of PWAs is that people are more likely to use them compared to a native app. So, they’re also likely to spend more time on a PWA.

This is why so many tech companies spend as much time — if not more time — on PWA development and maintenance as they do on their native apps.

How do you start developing PWAs?

If you’re starting a new career as a developer, particularly as a Front-End Developer, then it’s worth knowing the languages behind PWAs. These include:

If you’d rather learn how to use all these tools at once, check out our Front-End Engineer Career Path! While learning how to build your own websites, you’ll also build a portfolio that’ll help you impress future employers and clients. We’ll even help you prepare for upcoming interviews.So, what are you waiting for? Sign up today!


Web Development Courses & Tutorials | Codecademy

Web Development is the practice of developing websites and web apps that live on the internet. Whether you’re interested in front-end, back-end, or going full-stack, the content in our Web Development domain will help you get there.

Pulling at a Reflection

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Pulling at a Reflection

What do you think this image is saying? How does it relate to or comment on society or current events? Can you relate to it personally? What is your opinion of its message?

Tell us in the comments, then read the related article to learn more.


Learn more about Picture Prompts here and find all of our prompts in this column.

Students 13 and older in the United States and the United Kingdom, and 16 and older elsewhere, are invited to comment. All comments are moderated by the Learning Network staff, but please keep in mind that once your comment is accepted, it will be made public.

Word of the Day: efficacious

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Word of the Day: efficacious

1. marked by qualities giving the power to produce an intended effect

2. producing or capable of producing an intended result or having a striking effect

_________

The word efficacious has appeared in 26 articles on NYTimes.com in the past year, including on July 2 in “Influencers Are Drinking Chlorophyll Water. But Why?” by Dawn MacKeen:

On TikTok, young people with glowing skin can be seen sipping magic green potions. After adding a few drops of liquid chlorophyll to glasses of water, they drink, and poof! Their complexions clear, their tummies become less bloated, their body odor improves, all typically within a week.

The claims about the seemingly endless powers of chlorophyll are not new, only the social media platforms for making them are. Yet the messaging is as powerful as ever.

… “We don’t have the evidence behind it being efficacious for any of these indications,” Dr. Gardner said. “It’s not to say that, maybe anecdotally, there are certain people who will benefit because it’s not generally a harmful thing. But I think to portray it as this anticancer, antioxidant, deodorizing, constipation-fixing, pancreatic-curing medicine is not genuine.”

Can you correctly use the word efficacious in a sentence?

Based on the definition and example provided, write a sentence using today’s Word of the Day and share it as a comment on this article. It is most important that your sentence makes sense and demonstrates that you understand the word’s definition, but we also encourage you to be creative and have fun.

Then, read some of the other sentences students have submitted and use the “Recommend” button to vote for two original sentences that stand out to you.

If you want a better idea of how efficacious can be used in a sentence, read these usage examples on Vocabulary.com.

Lesson of the Day: ‘I Found Myself at Band Camp’

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Lesson of the Day: ‘I Found Myself at Band Camp’

Note to our audience:

Thanks to feedback from teachers, this school year we hope to occasionally publish Lessons of the Day that are more streamlined and accessible than usual. This is our second such lesson; you can find the first here. Let us know what you think.


Featured Article: “I Found Myself at Band Camp” by Jutharat Pinyodoonyachet, Josephine Sedgwick and Zachary Woolfe

In this lesson, you will learn all about band camps — places where young people go to share and develop their musical talents — and what makes them fun and special. Then you will dream of the perfect camp and share your ideas with your class.

Have you ever attended a camp of any kind? Did you like it? Hate it? What did you get from the experience?

Make two lists. On one, list at least three things that you liked about camp. On the other, list at least three things that you didn’t like.

If you have never gone to camp, answer these questions instead: Would you ever want to go to a camp? Why or why not?

After you finish writing, share your answers with a partner. If you made lists, are there any similarities?

Here are 10 words you’ll find in this article that you may not know:

1. score (as in a musical composition) 2. budding 3. self-discovery 4. transformation 5. immersion 6. competitive 7. precious 8. isolated 9. ensemble 10. conductor

Which words are you familiar with? Which are new to you?

Use this list of words and their definitions on Vocabulary.com to learn what each means and to practice using the words.

You might also come across several names of musicians and musical instruments while reading the article. Beethoven, Barber, Mendelssohn Mozart and Liszt are all classical music composers, and the clarinet, oboe and trombone are all musical instruments.

Read the piece (online or as a printable PDF. Please note that as a PDF it is missing a short video GIF.). Then answer the following questions.

1. Before you look at the photographs or read the article, what do you expect to see? What kinds of images do you think an article called “I Found Myself at Band Camp” will have? Why?

2. Next, read the article and click through all the photos. How many looked like what you predicted? What ideas did you have that were not in this slide show?

3. What do you think makes this band camp a special place? List or describe three things you see in the photos that might answer that question.

4. The article includes many quotes from young people who attend this camp. Which quotes grab your attention most and why?

5. The Times journalists write: “Summer is a time of exploration and self-discovery for all kinds of young people. But for budding musicians, band and orchestra camp can be especially transformative.” Have you ever had a powerful summer experience — in or out of camp — where you grew, changed or “found yourself”?

6. Would you want to go to this band camp? Why, or why not?

Option 1. Create a slide show about a summer experience — whether at camp or somewhere else.

The Times journalists created a slide show with photos and text to capture the joys of band camp. Now, it’s your turn! Choose a few photos from one of your camp or summer experiences and write one to three sentences about it. You might use your lists from the warm-up activity to help you brainstorm what to write.

What was fun or special about it? What kinds of activities did you do? What did you learn or get from the experience? What would have made it better?

Option 2. Imagine the perfect camp.

Cartooning? Dance? Video gaming? A week of hiking in the woods? What would your dream camp be?

What kinds of activities or theme would you want at your camp? Where would it be located? Would it be a day camp or sleep-away camp? What kinds of kids would it be best for? Why would it be the perfect camp for you?

Your plans might look like this:

My Perfect Camp:

The theme of my perfect camp would be video games.

It would be held for two weeks in the summer somewhere in the woods — but it would need fast internet so we could play our games online!

The camp would be for gamers but also any kid who wanted to learn more about video games.

Camp would end with a big tournament to see who was the best video game player.

It would be the perfect camp because I love video games but most adults say I play too much, so finally I would be in a place where everyone would get it and get me.


Learn more about Lesson of the Day here and find all of our daily lessons in this column.

Have You Ever Felt Too Much Pressure to Win?

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Have You Ever Felt Too Much Pressure to Win?

“Little girl, slow down!” a startled member of the ski patrol yelled after me as I sped past him and sailed down the hill.

“But it feels good!” I yelled back at him over my shoulder as I stuck to my course, according to my parents, who remember the incident.

I was 5 years old. From the time my dad first strapped my little boots on skis, when I was just 18 months old, skiing was my safe haven. Throughout my childhood, it was the thing I truly excelled at and could do effortlessly. Like I told the ski patrol guy that day — it just felt good.

And I was fast. At age 14, I made the United States Telemark Ski Association’s development team, and I went on to join the World Cup team. At 16, on my home mountain, Steamboat Springs in Colorado, in front of my family and friends, I won a World Cup race.

Then I quit.

Skiing almost broke me. And I’m far from the only athlete with a story like this. Elite competitors past and present are starting to speak up about a reality that some coaches, doctors and sports associations have ignored or even intentionally covered up: World-class competitive sports can push children and young adults to the breaking point and sometimes beyond. It’s not just a few bad apples; it’s a culture singularly focused upon winning at all costs, a culture that sometimes disregards the mental and physical health of athletes.

The gymnast Simone Biles reignited this conversation at the Tokyo Olympics by showing the strength and grace to know when to step back and not compete. In doing so, she also showed us a path toward healthier sports. Now we — athletes, viewers, teams and sports associations — need to do our part to stop the shaming and better safeguard young athletes’ safety, health and futures.

I wish someone had gathered the courage to do what Biles did when I was still competing, because I sure didn’t. Skiing made me special. “You’re Zoë, the skier,” people would say. So when thoughts of quitting the sport cropped up, I pushed them down. Take away skiing, and poof — there goes special. I would just be Zoë. And who was Zoë without skiing? An awkward, average girl who was too nerdy to be cool, not seen as smart enough to be a nerd and too weird for everything else. So I skied.

  • Have you ever felt too much pressure to win, or to be “the best”? If so, when?

  • Is competition a big part of your life? In what settings — like school, sports and extracurricular activities — do you compete?

  • Do you think as a society we pose unhealthy pressure around the idea of “winning” — whether on or off the playing field? In what ways can pressure to win be valuable? In what ways can it be limiting?

  • Ms. Ruhl says that because her sport was a part of her identity, she found it harder to quit. Have you ever felt like your identity was tied to something you excelled at?

  • What is your reaction to high-profile athletes like Simone Biles and Naomi Osaka choosing to step back from competition, citing the need to prioritize their physical and mental health?

  • What are some sources of pressure that Biles and Osaka face as elite athletes? What about the pressure that you have experienced? Are there any sources in common?

  • Have you ever chosen to step back from competition? Why or why not?

  • Ms. Ruhl suggests changing the “structures, demands and expectations” placed on young athletes. Do you agree? If so, how would you change them? What advice would you give parents and coaches?

  • Lesson of the Day: ‘Let Us Now Praise Tiny Ants’

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    Lesson of the Day: ‘Let Us Now Praise Tiny Ants’

    If you can’t find ants where you live, you might watch them online on the Iowa State University Insect Zoo Ant Cam.

    Then, respond to the following prompts:

    • What do you notice? What interesting behavior or patterns did you observe?

    • What do you wonder? What further questions about ants and their behavior arose from your observations?

    Finally, review your observation notes and then formulate an “investigable question”; develop a hypothesis or design an experiment for further study.

    Option 2: Watch a ScienceTake video.

    How do ants avoid traffic jams? Why do ants go to war? What makes them such good architects?

    From 2013 to 2019, The Times regularly published weekly ScienceTake videos, short films that combined cutting-edge research from the world of science with stunning footage of the natural world in action. Over this span, The Times created nearly a dozen films on ants. Choose one film to watch below and then respond to the following prompts:

    What new things did you learn about ants? What moments stood out? What did you find most fascinating or surprising? How did the video add to or change your understanding or perspective on the life and behavior of ants? What questions do you still have about the tiny creatures we share our world with?

    Option 3: “Let Us Now Praise Other Small Things” — photograph something overlooked because of its size.

    What things do you take for granted because of their size or ubiquity — sidewalks and roads, telephone or electrical lines, the blades of grass beneath your feet, the clusters of clouds above you?

    Photograph something around you that is overlooked because of its physical size or distance. Just as Mr. Niga does with his photos of ants, consider how you can make the familiar unfamiliar, the strange intimate or the ordinary extraordinary.

    Then, add some supporting and explanatory text: What is it about the size or distance of these objects that makes them easy to overlook? What role do they play in your life and in our world? Why should we stop to notice and appreciate them?

    The answers to the Warm-Up quiz: 1) d; 2) d; 3) b; 4) c; 5) c


    Learn more about Lesson of the Day here and find all of our daily lessons in this column.

    10 Practical Tips to Save Money Everyday

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    10 Practical Tips to Save Money Everyday

    Most of us would like to save money, whether it’s for a new car, new home, your child’s education, a holiday, or just a rainy day fund. But then life gets in the way. If you think saving money is difficult, you’re not alone! According to a 2017 survey by GoBankingRates, 46% of people have no savings at all!

    Yes, savings can be tough, but sometimes, all it takes is that first step in the right direction that will get things moving the way you want it to. These 10 practical tips can help you take control of your finances and save more!

    1. Create a budget

    Instead of trying to recall where your whole month’s salary went, write it all down before your expenses begin. A budget should tell you where the money needs to go, rather than where it all went. Make a financial action plan for each month and stick to it.

     

    2. Pack lunches for work

    Over a weekend, make a meal plan for the next week. By shopping according to your plan, it will cut down those little food expenses that crop up during the week. Cooking your own meals is not only good for your pockets, but your health as well. Commit your cash towards a healthy diet, and save!

     

    3. DIY – Do It Yourself

    Be it for beauty treatments, or fixing a broken wall clock at home, the internet is filled with so many DIY tips! DIY is basically things that you can do yourself at home, rather than paying someone else to do it. Gaining new skills + Saving money = A win-win!

     

    4. Grocery shop smart

    Shopping smart means knowing the prices of different stores, buying things only when needed, and stocking up for the whole week. By creating an effective shopping list and avoiding psychological traps (like buy one and get another for half price), you will save quite a few bucks. You can even take it a step further by growing your own greens, instead of buying packaged vegetables!

     

    5. Exercise at home

    You’re into physical fitness and have a gym membership, great! But there are other ways to exercise and save money. From Yoga to regular fitness routines, you can accomplish your fitness goals from the comfort of your home.

     

    6. Compare insurance

    House, car, life – whichever type of insurance you have, don’t just renew it every year. Once in six months or a year, take some time out and shop around to see if you could be getting better rates with a different company.

     

    7. Have a financial goal

    One of the best ways to save money is to set a goal. Having a goal like investing in a house, or paying off your debts, can keep you focused towards saving money. Each time you spend you will think of your end goal, which will motivate you to cut down on unnecessary expenses. Each time you save, you will know exactly what you’re saving for, keeping your end goal on track.

     

    8. Pay in cash

    Studies show that people tend to spend more when using a credit or a debit card because it doesn’t give them the sense of excessive spending. When you carry cash, you will stick to spending whatever you have in your pockets. When this becomes a habit, you will plan your expenses ahead of time and carry limited cash based on your needs, giving no room for unnecessary expenses.

     

    9. Pick the right tools to save money

    Research and choose finance tools that suit your goal, to help you get the highest interest rates from your savings. For example, if it’s a short-term savings goal, a savings deposit account can lock in your money for a specific time period. If it’s a long-term goal, securities such as stocks or mutual funds might work for you.

     

    10. Seasonal smart shop

    Buy things when they are least in demand, for the best price. For example, buy cold-weather clothes in Summer, and vice versa. January is the best time to buy Christmas decorations, and November is a great shopping month with Black Friday deals. Avoid buying jewellery during the Christmas season when it’s more expensive than usual.

    What Is Software Testing?

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    What Is Software Testing?
    What is software testing?

    Software Testers can earn as much as $85,000 a year — in many cases without writing a single line of code. The driver behind the nice paycheck? Like all systems people and companies depend on, software needs to be tested both during development and after its release.

    Keep reading to learn what’s involved in software testing, why it’s important, how it fits into the development process, and the languages you can learn to land the best software testing positions.

    What is software testing?

    Software testing refers to the process of verifying and evaluating the function of a software application or product. It’s used to reduce or eliminate bugs and minimize the amount of money a company must invest in addressing issues and releasing updates.

    In some cases, Software Testers are called in to improve a program’s performance — even if it doesn’t have any noticeable bugs. In short, Software Testers are crucial because they help optimize software, profit, and processes.

    Why is software testing important?

    Software testing is important because the impact of untested or underperforming software can have a trickle-down or domino effect on thousands of users and employees.

    For example, if a web application that sells a product works too slowly, customers may get impatient and buy a similar product elsewhere. Or, if a database within an application outputs the wrong information for a search query, people may lose trust in the website or company in general.

    Software Testers help prevent these kinds of corporate faux pas. Plus, software testing can help ensure the safety of users or those impacted by its use, particularly if an application is used to run a critical element of a town or city’s infrastructure.

    What role does software testing play in software engineering?

    In the software engineering process, testing is a key element of the development lifecycle. In a waterfall development system, Software Testers may be called in after an application has been created to see if it has any bugs and how it performs. The Testers’ feedback is critical to the process because it helps engineers fine-tune the end product.

    In a DevOps environment, software testing is often done at various stages of development because the DevOps system relies on constant feedback. In this development framework, Testers may assess a certain aspect of the software’s function according to the team’s current phase of development.

    For example, if a web app needs to integrate well with mobile devices, one group of Software Testers may focus on the app’s performance on iOS and Android devices, while another group of Testers checks how it performs on macOS or Windows.

    Similarly, granular elements of an application can be run through tests. This can include how well it processes information from interactive databases or the flow and feel of the user interface.

    The input from Testers can make it easier and faster to fine-tune key elements of an application’s performance, particularly from the perspective of an end-user.

    What are the different types of software testing?

    There are several types of software testing, each requiring varying degrees of specificity. Here’s a list of some of the most common:

    Usability testing

    Usability testing involves figuring out how well the system works when a customer uses it for a specific task. A usability test can be performed on one or a combination of tasks to see how the programming functions in different scenarios.

    Acceptance testing

    Acceptance testing involves checking to make sure the system works as it’s supposed to. While this may involve a general test of several functions, it can also focus on a specific set, especially if one type of user tends to use the software in a particular fashion.

    For instance, imagine an app is used by several people working in a factory. It might include a feature that aligns existing inventory with customer orders, pointing out any discrepancies. It also might show an item’s status in the manufacturing process, including its current station or even who’s working on it. One acceptance test can be done for each of these functions.

    Regression testing

    Regression testing is meant to assess the impact of new features that get added to an application. At times, a new feature may interfere with one that’s already proven effective.

    This kind of feedback can help engineers adjust how each feature interacts with the program’s dependencies — or decide which features to alter.

    Integration testing

    Integration testing aims to figure out how well different components of the app work with each other. Each element of an app requires different resources, and sometimes they can compete with each other in ways that hurt functionality. Integration testing can reveal these kinds of weaknesses.

    Unit testing

    A unit refers to the smallest component of an application that can be tested. Unit testing attempts to see how different components perform in isolation. This gives engineers a view into how well their code executes from a specific, granular perspective.

    Functional testing

    Functional testing brings real-world scenarios into the mix. Through functional testing, engineers can see how software accomplishes specific, intended purposes.

    For instance, an app may be designed to integrate a customer relationship management (CRM) solution with an email system. In this case, functional testing may be used to see:

    • If the email application is opened when an employee clicks on someone’s email address in the CRM.
    • Which app it defaults to.
    • If the “To” field is automatically populated.

    Stress testing

    Stress testing is in some ways the opposite of functional testing. During a stress test, your only job is to figure out if and how the app breaks when put under stress. In most situations, a stress test will not imitate a real-world scenario, as is the case with functional testing.

    Performance testing

    Performance testing is similar to stress testing, but your objective is to see how much load the app can take in a real-world scenario. Like stress testing, if the app were to malfunction, this would provide valuable data to the dev team.

    For example, a team may run performance testing on how well a shopping cart functions during a peak buying season, such as during the holidays. They could simulate many user requests for purchases simultaneously and observe how the app handles them.

    What are some software testing strategies?

    Regardless of the kind of testing performed, the development team will first establish a base set of requirements. Outlining the essential functions the application has to perform in any given situation — as well as the parameters that are considered “acceptable” — provides important benchmarks for evaluation. This is a key element to any testing strategy.

    There are also two specific techniques used to assess the stability and performance of software: black-box and white-box testing. Each offers a different perspective into how well the coding holds up.

    • Black-box testing: This involves testing software without looking at what’s inside — the coding, systems, and dependencies.
    • White-box testing: With white-box testing, the aim is to examine the structure within the application, looking at the inner workings of the app, as opposed to how it functions overall.

    Which programming languages do you need to know to be a Software Tester?

    Even if you don’t write any code as a Software Tester, in many cases, you still have to be able to read it. As a Software Tester, your job involves more than clicking buttons and tabs. You have to be able to examine code and look for potential issues or see what may have caused an error or malfunction.

    Here are some languages you should learn to maximize your job prospects as a Software Tester:

    • Java. You can learn Java with our Learn Java course. You can also get into the nitty-gritty of Java development with our Build Basic Android Apps with Java Skill Path.
    • C#. Using our Learn C# course, you can get familiar with the popular Microsoft language and how it’s used to create sites, apps, and games.
    • Python. Using our Learn Python 3 course, you can see how many of the world’s most popular apps run, making it easier to bring value to the table as a Tester.
    • Ruby. Ruby is a popular, user-friendly language. You can get comfortable with it using our Learn Ruby course. You can also dig into the Ruby on Rails framework with courses like Learn Ruby on Rails and Learn Authentication with Ruby on Rails.

    Regardless of the kind of Software Tester you want to be, we can provide you with the foundational knowledge you’ll need to help dev teams meet their goals. In this way, you’ll play a crucial role in the development process, helping create useable, effective products for end-users.


    Computer Science Courses & Tutorials | Codecademy

    Computer Science, often referred to as “CS,” is a broad term that covers many sub-disciplines, including the worlds of software *and* hardware. It can be found in every piece of technology you use, from a smartphone or gaming console to a car or ATM. With so many applications for Computer Science, t…